rdfn-20210930

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2021

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___ to ___

Commission file number 001-38160


Redfin Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

74-3064240

(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1099 Stewart Street

Suite 600

Seattle

98101

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(Zip Code)


(206)			576-8333
Registrant's telephone number, including area code



(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share	RDFN	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒

Yes

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒

Yes

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐

Yes

☒

The registrant had 105,481,348 shares of common stock outstanding as of October 28, 2021.

Redfin Corporation

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2021

Table of Contents



PART I		Page

Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)	1
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss ) Income	2
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	3
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders’ Equity	4
	Index to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	5
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	29
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	47
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	48

PART II

Item 1	Legal Proceedings	49
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	49
Item 6.	Exhibits	53

	Signatures

As used in this quarterly report, the terms "Redfin," "we," "us," and "our" refer to Redfin Corporation and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, unless otherwise noted or unless the context indicates otherwise. However, when referencing (i) the 2023 notes, the 2025 notes, and the 2027 notes, the terms “we,” “us,” and “our” refer only to Redfin Corporation and not to Redfin Corporation and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, (ii) the secured revolving credit facility with Goldman Sachs, the terms "we," "us," and "our" refer only to RedfinNow Borrower LLC, and (iii) each warehouse credit facility, the terms "we," "us"," and "our" refer only to Redfin Mortgage, LLC.

Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This quarterly report contains forward-looking statements. All statements contained in this report other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, our market growth and trends, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” "hope," “potentially,” “preliminary,” “likely,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described under Item 1A of our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2020, as supplemented by Part II, Item 1A of this report. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the effect of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, you should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, performance, or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this report or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.

Note Regarding Industry and Market Data

This quarterly report contains information using industry publications that generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but such information may not be accurate or complete. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the information from these industry publications, we have not independently verified any of the data from third-party sources nor have we ascertained the underlying economic assumptions relied on therein.

Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unaudited)


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	562,714	$	925,276
Restricted cash	74,532		20,544
Short-term investments	28,578		131,561
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for credit losses of $933 and $160	91,932		54,719
Inventory	435,144		49,158
Loans held for sale	42,762		42,539
Prepaid expenses	19,155		12,131
Other current assets	8,537		4,898
Total current assets	1,263,354		1,240,826
Property and equipment, net	55,535		43,988
Right-of-use assets, net	55,757		44,149
Long-term investments	53,488		11,922
Goodwill	407,228		9,186
Intangibles, net	194,856		1,830
Other assets, noncurrent	13,129		8,619
Total assets	$	2,043,347	$	1,360,520
Liabilities, mezzanine equity, and stockholders' equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	10,075	$	5,644
Accrued liabilities	102,027		69,460
Other payables	16,766		13,184
Warehouse credit facilities	39,825		39,029
Secured revolving credit facility	199,627		23,949
Convertible senior notes, net	23,243		22,482
Lease liabilities	14,793		11,973
Total current liabilities	406,356		185,721
Lease liabilities, noncurrent	57,759		49,339
Convertible senior notes, net, noncurrent	1,212,767		488,268
Payroll tax liabilities, noncurrent	7,841		6,812
Deferred tax liabilities	883		—
Total liabilities	1,685,606		730,140
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Series A convertible preferred stock—par value $0.001 per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized; 40,000 shares issued and outstanding	39,857		39,823
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock—par value $0.001 per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 105,375,935 and 103,000,594 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively	105		103
Additional paid-in capital	662,894		860,556
Accumulated other comprehensive income	47		211
Accumulated deficit	(345,162)		(270,313)
Total stockholders’ equity	317,884		590,557
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity, and stockholders’ equity	$	2,043,347	$	1,360,520

See Notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Revenue
Service	$	301,657	$	217,280	$	776,120	$	469,893
Product	238,417		19,636		503,588		171,683
Total revenue	540,074		236,916		1,279,708		641,576
Cost of revenue
Service	174,267		122,583		486,880		314,842
Product	238,505		21,261		497,032		174,744
Total cost of revenue	412,772		143,844		983,912		489,586
Gross profit	127,302		93,072		295,796		151,990
Operating expenses
Technology and development	43,658		22,452		112,824		60,687
Marketing	49,143		12,421		116,343		47,611
General and administrative	54,395		21,190		151,352		68,539
Total operating expenses	147,196		56,063		380,519		176,837
(Loss) Income from operations	(19,894)		37,009		(84,723)		(24,847)
Interest income	178		319		472		1,859
Interest expense	(3,672)		(2,522)		(7,822)		(7,631)
Income tax benefit	311		—		5,363		—
Other income (expense), net	4,128		(640)		4,099		(1,943)
Net (loss) income	$	(18,949)	$	34,166	$	(82,611)	$	(32,562)
Dividends on convertible preferred stock	(1,662)		(1,530)		(5,875)		(2,814)
Undistributed earnings attributable to participating securities	—		(653)		—		—
Net (loss) income attributable to common stock—basic and diluted	(20,611)		31,983		(88,486)		(35,376)
Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stock—basic	$	(0.20)	$	0.32	$	(0.85)	$	(0.36)
Weighted-average shares to compute net (loss) income per share attributable to common stock—basic	105,144,872		99,840,144		104,327,614		97,365,122
Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stock—diluted	$	(0.20)	$	0.30	$	(0.85)	$	(0.36)
Weighted-average shares to compute net (loss) income per share attributable to common stock—diluted	105,144,872		107,607,711		104,327,614		97,365,122

Net (loss) income	$	(18,949)	$	34,166	$	(82,611)	$	(32,562)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	3		6		3		(16)
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale debt securities	27		(139)		161		282
Comprehensive (loss) income	$	(18,919)	$	34,033	$	(82,447)	$	(32,296)

See Notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands, unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020
Operating Activities
Net loss	$	(82,611)	$	(32,562)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	32,303		10,581
Stock-based compensation	39,438		25,764
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	3,583		5,254
Non-cash lease expense	8,510		6,821
Impairment costs	—		2,063
Net loss (gain) on IRLCs, forward sales commitments, and loans held for sale	342		(2,303)
Other	(3,847)		(306)
Change in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	(29,487)		(21,862)
Inventory	(385,986)		49,597
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(9,532)		7,396
Accounts payable	616		851
Accrued liabilities, other payables, deferred tax liabilities, and payroll tax liabilities, noncurrent	23,011		28,157
Lease liabilities	(9,644)		(8,368)
Origination of loans held for sale	(745,703)		(479,153)
Proceeds from sale of loans originated as held for sale	744,886		459,605
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(414,121)		51,535
Investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment	(20,575)		(10,391)
Purchases of investments	(129,277)		(135,118)
Sales of investments	98,687		6,583
Maturities of investments	96,303		82,772
Cash paid for acquisition	(608,000)		—
Net cash used in investing activities	(562,862)		(56,154)
Financing activities
Proceeds from the issuance of convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs	—		39,801
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs	—		69,701
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock pursuant to employee equity plans	14,194		15,119
Tax payments related to net share settlements on restricted stock units	(21,088)		(10,987)
Borrowings from warehouse credit facilities	710,535		473,283
Repayments to warehouse credit facilities	(709,739)		(454,277)
Borrowings from secured revolving credit facility	431,717		57,378
Repayments to secured revolving credit facility	(256,039)		(46,899)
Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of issuance costs	561,529		—
Purchases of capped calls related to convertible senior notes	(62,647)		—
Payments for repurchases and conversions of convertible senior notes	(2,159)		—
Other payables—deposits held in escrow	3,161		2,097
Principal payments under finance lease obligations	(567)		(59)
Cash paid for secured revolving credit facility issuance costs	(485)		(4)
Net cash provided by financing activities	668,412		145,153
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(3)		(16)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(308,574)		140,518
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash:
Beginning of period	945,820		247,448
End of period	$	637,246	$	387,966

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest	$	5,539	$	3,001
Non-cash transactions
Stock-based compensation capitalized in property and equipment	2,745		1,714
Property and equipment additions in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	—		973
Leasehold improvements paid directly by lessor	1,334		37

See Notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share amounts, unaudited)


	Series A Convertible Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)		Total Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance, June 30, 2021	40,000	$	39,846	104,838,095	$	105	$	651,627	$	(326,213)	$	77	$	325,596
Issuance of convertible preferred stock, net	—	11		—	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock as dividend on convertible preferred stock	—	—		30,640	—		—		—		—		—

Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options	—	—		264,875	—		1,696		—		—		1,696
Issuance of common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units	—	—		334,283	—		—		—		—		—
Common stock surrendered for employees' tax liability upon settlement of restricted stock units	—	—		(95,122)	—		(4,558)		—		—		(4,558)

Issuance of common stock in connection with conversion of convertible senior notes	—	—		3,164	—		(10)		—		—		(10)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		14,139		—		—		14,139
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—	—		—		—		(30)		(30)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(18,949)		—		(18,949)
Balance, September 30, 2021	40,000	$	39,857	105,375,935	$	105	$	662,894	$	(345,162)	$	47	$	317,884

Balance, December 31, 2020	40,000	$	39,823	103,000,594	$	103	$	860,556	$	(270,313)	$	211	$	590,557
Issuance of convertible preferred stock, net	—	34		—	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock as dividend on convertible preferred stock	—	—		91,920	—		—		—		—		—

Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase program	—	—		135,426	—		7,299		—		—		7,299
Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options	—	—		1,354,078	1		6,895		—		—		6,896
Issuance of common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units	—	—		1,072,378	1		(1)		—		—		—
Common stock surrendered for employees' tax liability upon settlement of restricted stock units	—	—		(319,229)	—		(21,088)		—		—		(21,088)
Cumulative-effect adjustment from accounting changes	—	—		—	—		(170,240)		7,762		—		(162,478)
Purchases of capped calls related to convertible senior notes	—	—		—	—		(62,647)		—		—		(62,647)
Issuance of common stock in connection with conversion of convertible senior notes	—	—		40,768	—		(63)		—		—		(63)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		42,183		—		—		42,183
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—	—		—		—		(164)		(164)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(82,611)		—		(82,611)
Balance, September 30, 2021	40,000	$	39,857	105,375,935	$	105	$	662,894	$	(345,162)	$	47	$	317,884


	Series A Convertible Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)		Total Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance, June 30, 2020	40,000	$	39,801	99,394,432	$	99	$	673,234	$	(318,514)	$	441	$	355,260
Issuance of convertible preferred stock, net	—	11		—	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock, net	—	—		30,640	—		—		—		—		—

Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options	—	—		567,854	1		3,997		—		—		3,998
Issuance of common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units	—	—		353,160	—		—		—		—		—
Common stock surrendered for employees' tax liability upon settlement of restricted stock units	—	—		(104,670)	—		(4,922)		—		—		(4,922)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		11,910		—		—		11,910
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—	—		—		—		(133)		(133)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		34,166		—		34,166
Balance, September 30, 2020	40,000	$	39,812	100,241,416	$	100	$	684,219	$	(284,348)	$	308	$	400,279

Balance, December 31, 2019	—	$	—	93,001,597	$	93	$	583,097	$	(251,786)	$	42	$	331,446
Issuance of convertible preferred stock, net	40,000	39,812		—	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock as dividend on convertible preferred stock	—	—		30,640	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock, net	—	—		4,484,305	4		69,697		—		—		69,701
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase program	—	—		186,925	—		3,436		—		—		3,436
Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options	—	—		1,825,684	2		11,500		—		—		11,502
Issuance of common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units	—	—		1,017,675	1		(1)		—		—		—
Common stock surrendered for employees' tax liability upon settlement of restricted stock units	—	—		(305,410)	—		(10,987)		—		—		(10,987)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		27,477		—		—		27,477
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—		—		—		266		266
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(32,562)		—		(32,562)
Balance, September 30, 2020	40,000	$	39,812	100,241,416	$	100	$	684,219	$	(284,348)	$	308	$	400,279

See Notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Index to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


Note 1:	Summary of Accounting Policies	6
Note 2:	Business Combinations	8
Note 3:	Segment Reporting and Revenue	9
Note 4:	Financial Instruments	10
Note 5:	Inventory	14
Note 6:	Property and Equipment	15
Note 7:	Leases	15
Note 8:	Commitments and Contingencies	16
Note 9:	Acquired Intangible Assets and Goodwill	18
Note 10:	Accrued Liabilities	19
Note 11:	Other Payables	19
Note 12:	Mezzanine Equity	19
Note 13:	Equity and Equity Compensation Plans	20
Note 14:	Net (Loss) Income per Share Attributable to Common Stock	23
Note 15:	Income Taxes	24
Note 16:	Debt	25
Note 17:	Subsequent Events	28

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unaudited)

Note 1: Summary of Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation—The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

The financial information as of December 31, 2020 that is included in this quarterly report is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements and notes for the year ended December 31, 2020 included in Item 8 in our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2020. Such financial information should be read in conjunction with the notes and management’s discussion and analysis of the consolidated financial statements included in our annual report.

The unaudited consolidated interim financial statements, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly our financial position as of September 30, 2021, our statements of comprehensive (loss) income, and statements of changes in mezzanine equity and stockholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, as well as our statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021 or for any interim period or for any other future year.

Certain amounts presented in the prior period consolidated statements of cash flows have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation. The change in classification does not affect previously reported cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, or financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Principles of Consolidation—The unaudited consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of Redfin Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries, including those entities in which we have a variable interest and of which we are the primary beneficiary. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates—The preparation of consolidated financial statements, in conformity with GAAP, requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and results of operations during the respective periods. Our estimates include, but are not limited to, the valuation of deferred income taxes, stock-based compensation, net realizable value of inventory, capitalization of website and software development costs, the incremental borrowing rate for the determination of the present value of lease payments, recoverability of intangible assets with finite lives, fair value of our mortgage loans held for sale, fair value of interest rate lock commitments, and forward sales commitments, fair value of reporting units for purposes of evaluating goodwill for impairment, current expected credit losses on certain financial assets, the fair value of the convertible feature related to our convertible senior notes, and the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with our acquisition of RentPath. The amounts ultimately realized from the affected assets or ultimately recognized as liabilities will depend on, among other factors, general business conditions and could differ materially in the near term from the carrying amounts reflected in the consolidated financial statements.

Convertible Senior Notes—In accounting for the issuance of our convertible senior notes, we treat the instrument wholly as a liability, in accordance with the adoption of ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity ("ASU 2020-06").

Issuance costs are being amortized to expense over the respective term of the convertible senior notes.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

For conversions prior to the maturity of the notes, we will settle using cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election. The carrying amount of the instrument (including unamortized debt issuance costs) is reduced by cash and other assets transferred, with the difference reflected as a reduction to additional paid-in capital. The indentures governing our convertible senior notes allow us, under certain circumstances, to irrevocably fix our method for settling conversions of the applicable notes by giving notice to the noteholders. Our election to irrevocably fix the settlement method could affect the calculation of diluted earnings per share when applicable. We have no plans to exercise our rights to fix the settlement method.

Rentals Revenue—Due to our acquisition of RentPath, we now record rentals revenue which is primarily composed of subscription-based product offerings for internet listing services, as well as lead management and digital marketing solutions. Rentals revenue is recorded as a component of service revenue in our consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income.

Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised service to customers over time in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those services. Revenues from subscription-based services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract, which generally have a term of less than one year. Revenue is presented net of sales allowances, which are not material.

The transaction price for a contract is generally determined by the stated price in the contract, excluding any related sales taxes. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of subscription services, which are capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. We allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. Generally, the combinations of subscription services are fulfilled concurrently and are co-terminus. Our rentals contracts do not contain any refund provisions other than in the event of our non-performance or breach.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements—In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued authoritative guidance under ASU 2020-06.

This guidance removes the liability and equity separation models for convertible instruments with a cash conversion feature or beneficial conversion feature. As a result, companies will more likely account for a convertible debt instrument wholly as debt, and for convertible preferred stock wholly as preferred stock (i.e., as a single unit of account). In addition, the guidance simplifies the settlement assessment that issuers perform to determine whether a contract in their own equity qualifies for equity classification. Finally, the guidance requires entities to use the if-converted method to calculate earnings per share for all convertible instruments.

We early adopted ASU 2020-06 as of January 1, 2021 using the modified retrospective approach. The cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard was recognized as an adjustment to accumulated deficit. Upon the adoption of the new standard we recognized the following adjustments:


	Ending Balance as of December 31, 2020		ASU 2020-06 Adjustments		Beginning Balance as of January 1, 2021
Convertible senior notes, net	$	22,482	$	2,723	$	25,205
Convertible senior notes, net, noncurrent	488,268		159,755		648,023
Additional paid-in capital	860,556		(170,240)		690,316
Accumulated deficit	(270,313)		7,762		(262,551)

The $7,762 adjustment to accumulated deficit represents a reduction to non-cash interest expense related to the accretion of the debt discount under the historical separation model.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Note 2: Business Combinations

On April 2, 2021, we acquired, for $608,000 in cash, all of the equity interests of RentPath Holdings, Inc., as reorganized following an internal restructuring of the entity and certain of its wholly owned subsidiaries (as reorganized, "RentPath" and such acquisition, the "Acquisition"). In connection with the internal restructuring, certain assets and liabilities related to the business of providing digital media services to clients in the residential real estate business were transferred to RentPath, and the remaining assets and liabilities were transferred to a wind-down company. We acquired RentPath to enter into the real estate rentals market.

The results of operations and the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed have been included in the consolidated financial statements since the date of acquisition. RentPath is reported in our rentals segment in Note 3. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, RentPath contributed $40,406 and $82,954 to revenue, respectively. The goodwill recognized in connection with our acquisition of RentPath is primarily attributable to the anticipated synergies from future growth of the combined business and is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. We are currently evaluating the reporting unit allocation of goodwill.

The following table summarizes the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as a result of the Acquisition. As of September 30, 2021, the amount allocated to the opening balance of deferred tax liabilities assumed in the Acquisition is provisional and subject to revision as more detailed analyses are completed and additional information about the amount of this balance becomes available:


Cash and cash equivalents(1)	$	334
Accounts receivable	7,726
Prepaid expenses	5,483
Other current assets	416
Property and equipment, net	3,103
Operating lease right-of-use assets	12,330
Intangible assets	211,000
Goodwill	398,042
Total assets	638,434
Accounts payable	(1,355)
Accrued liabilities(1)	(9,412)
Lease liabilities	(1,264)
Lease liabilities and deposits, noncurrent	(11,066)
Payroll tax liabilities, noncurrent	(1,030)
Deferred tax liabilities	(6,307)
Total liabilities	(30,434)
Total purchase consideration	$	608,000

(1) On April 2, 2021, $334 of cash and cash equivalents owed to a wind-down company remained in RentPath's primary operating account due to the timing of bank transfers and wires. The cash and cash equivalents were recorded at fair value along with an offsetting due-to liability on April 2, 2021.

Acquisition-related costs consisted of external fees for advisory, legal, and other professional services and totaled approximately $202 and $7,925 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively. These costs were expensed as incurred and recorded in general and administrative costs in our consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Identifiable Intangible Assets—The following table provides the fair values of the RentPath intangible assets, along with their estimated useful lives:


	Estimated Fair Value		Estimated Useful Life (in years)
Trade names	$	70,000	10
Developed technology	60,500		3
Customer relationships	80,500		10
Total	211,000

The identifiable intangible assets include trade names, developed technology (an application platform), and customer relationships. Trade names primarily relate to the RentPath brand. Developed technology relates to the RentPath website and mobile application, which are the primary channels for meeting customers. Customer relationships represent existing customer contracts.

Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information—The following table presents unaudited pro forma financial information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021. The pro forma financial information combines our results of operations with that of RentPath as though the companies had been combined as of January 1, 2020. The pro forma information is presented for informational purposes only and is not indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the Acquisition had taken place at such time. The pro forma financial information presented below includes adjustments for bankruptcy costs, depreciation and amortization, provision for income taxes, transaction costs, and interest expense related to debt that would not have been incurred if we had consummated the Acquisition on January 1, 2020:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Revenue	$	540,074	$	284,275	$	1,322,632	$	790,662
Net (loss) income	(18,792)		23,099		(94,335)		(60,918)

Material non-recurring adjustments made in the pro forma financial information disclosed above were $23 and $9,151 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 and $76,118 and $48,224 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These adjustments primarily relate to the reorganization costs that would not have been incurred if we had consummated the Acquisition on January 1, 2020 and decreased expense in the periods specified. These adjustments also include an income tax benefit resulting from the Acquisition, which assumes that we had consummated the Acquisition on January 1, 2020.

Note 3: Segment Reporting and Revenue

In operation of the business, our management, including our chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), who is also our chief executive officer, evaluates the performance of our operating segments based on revenue and gross profit. We do not analyze discrete segment balance sheet information related to long-term assets, substantially all of which are located in the United States. All other financial information is presented on a consolidated basis. We have six operating segments and three reportable segments, real estate services, properties, and rentals. As a result of our acquisition of RentPath, we added the rentals segment and determined it is a reportable segment because RentPath met the quantitative thresholds under ASC 280, Segment Reporting. Our CODM evaluates the rentals segment as a stand-alone business; accordingly, we are separately reporting the segment's operating expenses from our consolidated operating expenses.

We generate revenue primarily from commissions and fees charged on each real estate services transaction closed by our lead agents or partner agents, from the sale of homes, and from subscription-based product offerings for our rentals business. Our key revenue components are brokerage revenue, partner revenue, properties revenue, rentals revenue, and other revenue.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Information on each of the reportable and other segments and reconciliation to consolidated net (loss) income is as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Revenue
Real estate services (brokerage)	$	243,575	$	194,375	$	637,532	$	425,269
Real estate services (partner)	14,220		15,478		41,070		28,269
Properties	238,417		19,005		503,588		170,287
Rentals	40,406		—		82,954		—
Other	8,206		8,503		26,084		19,999
Intercompany eliminations	(4,750)		(445)		(11,520)		(2,248)
Total	$	540,074	$	236,916	$	1,279,708	$	641,576

Cost of revenue
Real estate services	161,449		117,944		453,790		300,305
Properties	238,397		20,460		496,948		173,107
Rentals	7,395		—		14,965		—
Other	10,281		5,885		29,729		18,422
Intercompany eliminations	(4,750)		(445)		(11,520)		(2,248)
Total	$	412,772	$	143,844	$	983,912	$	489,586

Gross profit
Real estate services	96,346		91,909		224,812		153,233
Properties	20		(1,455)		6,640		(2,820)
Rentals	33,011		—		67,989		—
Other	(2,075)		2,618		(3,645)		1,577
Total	$	127,302	$	93,072	$	295,796	$	151,990

Real estate services, properties, and other operating expenses	96,910		56,063		281,569		176,837
Rentals operating expenses	50,286		—		98,950		—
Interest income	178		319		472		1,859
Interest expense	(3,672)		(2,522)		(7,822)		(7,631)
Income tax benefit	311		—		5,363		—
Other income (expense), net	4,128		(640)		4,099		(1,943)
Net (loss) income	$	(18,949)	$	34,166	$	(82,611)	$	(32,562)

Note 4: Financial Instruments

Derivatives

Our primary market exposure is to interest rate risk, specifically U.S. treasury and mortgage interest rates, due to their impact on mortgage-related assets and commitments. We use forward sales commitments on whole loans and mortgage-backed securities to manage and reduce this risk. We do not have any derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments.

Forward Sales Commitments—We are exposed to interest rate and price risk on loans held for sale from the funding date until the date the loan is sold. Forward sales commitments on whole loans and mortgage-backed securities are used to fix the forward sales price that will be realized at the sale of each loan.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Interest Rate Lock Commitments—Interest rate lock commitments ("IRLCs") represent an agreement to extend credit to a mortgage loan applicant. We commit (subject to loan approval) to fund the loan at the specified rate, regardless of changes in market interest rates between the commitment date and the funding date. Outstanding IRLCs are subject to interest rate risk and related price risk during the period from the date of commitment through the loan funding date or expiration date. Loan commitments generally range between 30 and 90 days and the borrower is not obligated to obtain the loan. Therefore, IRLCs are subject to fallout risk, which occurs when approved borrowers choose not to close on the underlying loans. We review our commitment-to-closing ratio ("pull-through rate") as part of an estimate of the number of mortgage loans that will fund according to the IRLCs.


Notional Amounts	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Forward sales commitments	$	96,397	$	130,109
IRLCs	94,301		88,923

The locations and amounts of gains (losses) recognized in income related to our derivatives are as follows:


		Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
Instrument	Classification	2021		2020		2021		2020
Forward sales commitments	Service revenue	$	859	$	553	$	938	$	442
IRLCs	Service revenue	(888)		(233)		(687)		1,131

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

In May 2020, we purchased preferred stock of Matterport, Inc. ("Matterport"), then a privately held company. In July 2021, Matterport became a publicly traded company through a business combination transaction with a special purpose acquisition vehicle. In connection with the transaction, we received Matterport's publicly traded Class A common stock in exchange for the preferred stock that we owned. We previously recorded our investment at cost because the preferred stock did not have a readily determinable fair value, but upon receipt of the publicly traded common stock, we recorded our investment at fair value. The increase in value is recorded in other income (expense), net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, and is included in adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities, as a component of other, in our consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The balance is included in short-term investments in our consolidated balance sheets.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

A summary of assets and liabilities related to our financial instruments, measured at fair value on a recurring basis and as reflected in our consolidated balance sheets, is set forth below:


	Balance at September 30, 2021		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Cash equivalents
Money market funds	$	501,432	$	501,432	$	—	$	—

Total cash equivalents	501,432		501,432		—		—
Short-term investments
U.S. treasury securities	11,981		11,981		—		—
Agency bonds	11,912		11,912		—		—
Equity securities	4,685		4,685		—		—
Loans held for sale	42,762		—		42,762		—
Other current assets
Forward sales commitments	552		—		552		—
IRLCs	1,146		—		—		1,146
Total other current assets	1,698		—		552		1,146
Long-term investments
U.S. treasury securities	53,488		53,488		—		—

Total assets	$	627,958	$	583,498	$	43,314	$	1,146
Liabilities
Accrued liabilities
Forward sales commitments	$	87	$	—	$	87	$	—
IRLCs	62		—		—		62
Total liabilities	$	149	$	—	$	87	$	62


	Balance at December 31, 2020		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Cash equivalents
Money market funds	$	886,261	$	886,261	$	—	$	—
U.S. treasury securities	6,100		6,100		—		—
Total cash equivalents	892,361		892,361		—		—
Short-term investments
U.S. treasury securities	131,561		131,561		—		—
Loans held for sale	42,539		—		42,539		—
Other current assets
Forward sales commitments	34		—		34		—
IRLCs	1,781		—		—		1,781
Total other current assets	1,815		—		34		1,781
Long-term investments
Agency bonds	11,922		11,922		—		—
Total assets	$	1,080,198	$	1,035,844	$	42,573	$	1,781
Liabilities
Accrued liabilities
Forward sales commitments	$	507	$	—	$	507	$	—
IRLCs	10		—		—		10
Total liabilities	$	517	$	—	$	507	$	10

There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 financial instruments during the periods presented.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of IRLCs is the pull-through rate. Significant changes in the input could result in a significant change in fair value measurement. The pull-through rate used to determine the fair value of IRLCs was as follows:

Key Inputs

Valuation Technique

September 30, 2021

December 31, 2020

Weighted-average pull-through rate

Market pricing

71.7%

72.3%

The following is a summary of changes in the fair value of IRLCs for the nine months ended September 30, 2021:


Balance, net—January 1, 2021	$	1,771
Issuances of IRLCs	14,523
Settlements of IRLCs	(14,956)
Net loss recognized in earnings	(254)
Balance, net—September 30, 2021	$	1,084

Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2021	$	(687)

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our convertible senior notes that are not recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets:


	September 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
Issuance	Net Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Net Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
2023 notes	$	23,243	$	38,980	$	22,482	$	59,894
2025 notes	650,093		660,556		488,268		802,083
2027 notes	562,674		516,856		—		—

The difference between the principal amounts of our 2023 notes, our 2025 notes, and our 2027 notes, which were $23,512, $661,250, and $575,000, respectively, and the net carrying amounts of the notes represents the unamortized debt issuance costs. See Note 16 for additional details. The estimated fair value of each tranche of convertible senior notes is based on the closing trading price of the notes on the last day of trading for the period, and is classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy, due to the limited trading activity of the notes. As of September 30, 2021, the difference between the net carrying amount of the notes and their estimated fair values represented the notes' equity conversion premium. Based on the closing price of our common stock of $50.10 on September 30, 2021, the if-converted value of the 2023 notes exceeded the principal amount of $23,512, while the if-converted values of the 2025 notes and 2027 notes were less than the principal amounts of $661,250 and $575,000, respectively. See Note 16 for additional details on our convertible senior notes.

See Note 12 for the carrying amount of our convertible preferred stock.

Assets and liabilities recognized or disclosed at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include items such as property and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets, and other assets. These assets are remeasured at fair value if determined to be impaired.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

The cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair market value of our cash, money market funds, restricted cash, available-for-sale investments, and equity securities were as follows:


	September 30, 2021
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash		Short-term Investments		Long-term Investments
Cash	$	61,282	$	—	$	—	$	61,282	$	61,282	$	—	$	—
Money markets funds	501,432		—		—		501,432		501,432		—		—
Restricted cash	74,532		—		—		74,532		74,532		—		—
U.S. treasury securities	65,461		16		(8)		65,469		—		11,981		53,488
Agency bonds	11,900		12		—		11,912		—		11,912		—
Equity securities	500		4,185		—		4,685		—		4,685		—
Total	$	715,107	$	4,213	$	(8)	$	719,312	$	637,246	$	28,578	$	53,488


	December 31, 2020
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash		Short-term Investments		Long-term Investments
Cash	$	32,915	$	—	$	—	$	32,915	$	32,915	$	—	$	—
Money markets funds	886,261		—		—		886,261		886,261		—		—
Restricted cash	20,544		—		—		20,544		20,544		—		—
U.S. treasury securities	137,502		159		—		137,661		6,100		131,561		—
Agency bonds	11,900		22		—		11,922		—		—		11,922
Total	$	1,089,122	$	181	$	—	$	1,089,303	$	945,820	$	131,561	$	11,922

We have evaluated our portfolio of available-for-sale debt securities based on credit quality indicators for expected credit losses and do not believe there are any expected credit losses. Our portfolio consists of U.S. government securities, all with a high quality credit rating issued by various credit agencies.

As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had accrued interest of $148 and $108, respectively, on our available-for-sale investments, of which we have recorded no expected credit losses. Accrued interest receivable is presented within other current assets in our consolidated balance sheets.

Note 5: Inventory

The components of inventory were as follows:


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Properties for sale	$	170,731	$	17,153
Properties not available for sale	38,835		7,225
Properties under improvement	225,578		24,780
Inventory	$	435,144	$	49,158

Inventory includes direct home purchase costs and any capitalized improvements, net of inventory reserves, which reflect the lower of cost or net realizable value write-downs applied on a specific home basis. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, our inventory reserves were $2,551 and $29, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we purchased 1,528 homes with an inventory value of $790,738 and sold 851 homes with an inventory value of $415,110. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we purchased 253 homes with an inventory value of $101,759 and sold 370 homes with an inventory value of $149,676.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Note 6: Property and Equipment

The components of property and equipment were as follows:


	Useful Lives (Years)	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of lease term or economic life	$	33,467	$	29,558
Website and software development costs	2 - 3	46,014		33,278
Computer and office equipment	3 - 5	13,154		7,765
Software	3	1,871		1,858
Furniture	7	7,945		7,450
Property and equipment, gross		102,451		79,909
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(54,776)		(41,614)
Construction in progress		7,860		5,693
Property and equipment, net		$	55,535	$	43,988

Depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment amounted to $5,399 and $3,594 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $14,369 and $10,215 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We capitalized website and software development costs, including stock-based compensation, of $4,727 and $2,773 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $13,137 and $8,286 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Note 7: Leases

We lease office space under noncancelable operating leases with original terms ranging from one to 11 years and vehicles under noncancelable finance leases with terms of four years. Generally, the operating leases require a fixed minimum rent with contractual minimum rent increases over the lease term. The components of lease expense were as follows:


		Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
Lease Cost	Classification	2021		2020		2021		2020
Operating lease cost:
Operating lease cost(1)	Cost of revenue	$	2,400	$	2,123	$	7,105	$	6,405
Operating lease cost(1)	Operating expenses	1,727		1,087		4,440		3,274
Total operating lease cost		$	4,127	$	3,210	$	11,545	$	9,679

Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	Cost of revenue	$	139	$	2	$	335	$	7
Interest on lease liabilities	Cost of revenue	21		17		51		51
Total finance lease cost		$	160	$	19	$	386	$	58

(1) Includes lease expense with initial terms of twelve months or less of $430 and $218 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $1,156 and $712 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements


	Lease Liabilities				Other Leases		Total Lease Obligations
Maturity of Lease Liabilities	Operating		Financing		Operating
2021, excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2021	$	4,397	$	120	$	256	$	4,773
2022	16,852		478		467		17,797
2023	15,779		465		—		16,244
2024	14,324		379		—		14,703
2025	11,189		80		—		11,269
Thereafter	16,929		—		—		16,929
Total lease payments	$	79,470	$	1,522	$	723	$	81,715
Less: Interest(1)	8,316		124
Present value of lease liabilities	$	71,154	$	1,398

(1) Includes interest on operating leases of $2,788 and financing lease of $66 within the next twelve months.


Lease Term and Discount Rate	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Weighted-average remaining operating lease term (years)	5.1		5.2
Weighted-average remaining finance lease term (years)	3.3		3.5
Weighted-average discount rate for operating leases	4.4	%	4.4	%
Weighted-average discount rate for finance leases	5.4	%	5.4	%


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
Supplemental Cash Flow Information	2021		2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	12,006	$	10,584
Operating cash flows from finance leases	64		7
Financing cash flows from finance leases	226		38
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities
Operating leases	$	6,544	$	354
Finance leases	987		—

Note 8: Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

Below is a discussion of our material, pending legal proceedings. Except as discussed below, we cannot estimate a range of reasonably possible losses given the preliminary stage of these proceedings and the claims and issues presented. In addition to the matters discussed below, from time to time, we are involved in litigation, claims, and other proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. Except for the matters discussed below, we do not believe that any of our pending litigation, claims, and other proceedings are material to our business.

Lawsuit by David Eraker—On May 11, 2020, David Eraker, our co-founder and former chief executive officer who departed Redfin in 2006, filed a complaint through Appliance Computing III, Inc. (d/b/a Surefield) ("Surefield"), which is a company that Mr. Eraker founded and that we believe he controls, in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, Waco Division. The complaint alleges that we are infringing patents claimed to be owned by Surefield without its authorization or license. Surefield is seeking an unspecified amount of damages and an injunction against us offering products and services that allegedly infringe the patents at issue. On July 15, 2020, we filed a counterclaim against Surefield to allege that (i) we are not infringing on the patents that Surefield has alleged that we are infringing and (ii) the patents claimed by Surefield are invalid. This counterclaim asks the court to declare judgment in our favor.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Lawsuit Alleging Violations of the Fair Housing Act—On October 28, 2020, a group of ten organizations filed a complaint against us in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington. The organizations are the National Fair Housing Alliance, the Fair Housing Center of Metropolitan Detroit, the Fair Housing Justice Center, the Fair Housing Rights Center in Southeastern Pennsylvania, the HOPE Fair Housing Center, the Lexington Fair Housing Council, the Long Island Housing Services, the Metropolitan Milwaukee Fair Housing Council, Open Communities, and the South Suburban Housing Center. The complaint alleges that certain of our business policies and practices violate provisions of the Fair Housing Act (the “FHA”). The plaintiffs allege that these policies and practices (i) have the effect of our services being unavailable in predominantly non-white communities on a more frequent basis than predominantly white communities and (ii) are unnecessary to achieve a valid interest or legitimate objective. The complaint focuses on the following policies and practices, as alleged by the plaintiffs: (i) a home's price must exceed a certain dollar amount before we offer service through one of our lead agents or partner agents and (ii) our services and pricing structures are available only for homes serviced by one of our lead agents and those same services and pricing structures may not be offered by one of our partner agents. The plaintiffs seek (i) a declaration that our alleged policies and practices violate the FHA, (ii) an order enjoining us from further alleged violations, (iii) an unspecified amount of monetary damages, and (iv) payment of plaintiffs’ attorneys' fees and costs.

Lawsuits Alleging Misclassification—On August 28, 2019, Devin Cook, who is one of our former independent contractor licensed sales associates, whom we call associate agents, filed a complaint against us in the Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco. The plaintiff initially pled the complaint as a class action and alleged that we misclassified her as an independent contractor instead of an employee. The plaintiff also sought representative claims under California’s Private Attorney General Act ("PAGA"). On January 30, 2020, the plaintiff filed a first amended complaint dismissing her class action claim and asserting only claims under PAGA. On September 24, 2021, the court denied our motion for summary judgment to dismiss the plaintiff’s remaining claims under PAGA, holding that at this stage of the proceeding, we had not proved that we properly classified associate agents as independent contractors under California law. The plaintiff continues to seek unspecified penalties for alleged violations of PAGA.

On November 20, 2020, Jason Bell, who is one of our former lead agents as well as a former associate agent, filed a complaint against us in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California. The complaint is pled as a class action and alleges that, (1) during the time he served as an associate agent, we misclassified him as an independent contractor instead of an employee and (2) during the time he served as a lead agent, we misclassified him as an employee who was exempt from minimum wage and overtime laws. The plaintiff also asserts representative claims under PAGA. The plaintiff is seeking unspecified amounts of unpaid overtime wages, regular wages, meal and rest period compensation, waiting time and other penalties, injunctive and other equitable relief, and plaintiff's attorneys' fees and costs. On August 12, 2021, the court granted our motion to compel arbitration on the plaintiff’s non-PAGA claims and stayed the plaintiff’s PAGA claims pending resolution of the arbitration.

On March 24, 2021, Anthony Bush, who is one of our former associate agents, filed a complaint against us in the Superior Court of California, County of Alameda. The complaint alleges that, during the time he served as an associate agent, we misclassified him as an independent contractor instead of an employee. The plaintiff also asserts representative claims under PAGA. The plaintiff is seeking unspecified amounts of unpaid overtime wages, regular wages, meal and rest period compensation, penalties, injunctive, and other equitable relief, and plaintiff's attorneys' fees and costs. On September 27, 2021, the court granted our motion to stay the plaintiff’s action pending resolution of the PAGA claims brought against us by Devin Cook described above.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Settled Employment Claim—On April 6, 2021, two of our former employees and one of our current employees (together, the "claimants") submitted notices to the California Labor & Workforce Development Agency (the "LWDA") to notify the LWDA that they intend to seek penalties against us under PAGA for our alleged violations of provisions of the California Labor Code (the "CLC"). With respect to some or all of the claimants, these violations relate to alleged non-payment of owed wages, improper wage deductions, not providing wage statements, retaliation, failure to keep payroll records, failure to pay a minimum wage, failure to provide a written agreement regarding commission payments, and failure to reimburse business expenses. Certain of these violations are also asserted on behalf of other allegedly aggrieved employees. The claimants had also previously submitted complaints against us and two of our former employees to the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing alleging violations of provisions of the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (the "CFEHA") related to harassment, discrimination, and retaliation. On September 29, 2021, the claimants agreed to settle their claims regarding our alleged violations of the CLC and the CFEHA in exchange for a monetary payment, which was not material to our consolidated financial statements taken as a whole. We previously accrued a legal settlement expense for our initial settlement offer in the first quarter of 2021 that the claimants had rejected. We settled the claim for an amount less than the previously accrued legal expense. We also received funds from our insurance carrier for a portion of the settlement amount. The difference between our initial settlement offer and our final settlement is recorded in general and administrative on our consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income.

Other Commitments

Other commitments primarily relate to homes that are under contract to purchase through our properties business but that have not closed. As of September 30, 2021, the value of homes under contract that have not closed was $137,325.

Note 9: Acquired Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Acquired Intangible Assets—The following table presents the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of intangible assets:


		September 30, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Weighted-Average Useful Lives (Years)	Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Trade names	10	$	71,040	$	(4,228)	$	66,812	$	1,040	$	(650)	$	390
Developed technology	3.3	63,480		(12,169)		51,311		2,980		(1,862)		1,118
Customer relationships	10	81,360		(4,627)		76,733		860		(538)		322
Total		$	215,880	$	(21,024)	$	194,856	$	4,880	$	(3,050)	$	1,830

Amortization expense amounted to $8,926 and $122 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $17,974 and $366 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The following table presents our estimate of remaining amortization expense for intangible assets that existed as of September 30, 2021:


2021, excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2021	$	8,926
2022	35,705
2023	35,705
2024	20,458
2025	15,050
Thereafter	79,012
Estimated remaining amortization expense	$	194,856

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Goodwill—The following table presents the carrying amount of goodwill:


Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	9,186
Goodwill resulting from acquisition	398,042
Balance as of September 30, 2021	$	407,228

Note 10: Accrued Liabilities

The components of accrued liabilities were as follows:


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Accrued compensation and benefits	$	68,230	$	49,238
Miscellaneous accrued liabilities	20,015		9,722
Payroll tax liability deferred by the CARES Act	7,841		6,812
Customer contract liabilities	5,941		3,688
Total accrued liabilities	$	102,027	$	69,460

Note 11: Other Payables

Other payables consists primarily of customer deposits for cash held in escrow on behalf of real estate buyers using our title and settlement services. Since we do not have rights to the cash, the customer deposits are recorded as a liability with a corresponding asset in the same amount recorded within restricted cash.

The components of other payables were as follows:


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Customer deposits	$	14,344	$	11,183
Miscellaneous payables	2,422		2,001
Total other payables	$	16,766	$	13,184

Note 12: Mezzanine Equity

On April 1, 2020, we issued 4,484,305 shares of our common stock, at a price of $15.61 per share, and 40,000 shares of our preferred stock, at a price of $1,000 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $110,000. We designated this preferred stock as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (our "convertible preferred stock"). Our convertible preferred stock is classified as mezzanine equity in our consolidated financial statements as the substantive conversion features at the option of the holder precludes liability classification. We have determined there are no material embedded features that require recognition as a derivative asset or liability.

We allocated the gross proceeds of $110,000 to the common stock issuance and the convertible preferred stock issuance based on the standalone fair value of the issuances, resulting in a fair valuation of $40,000 for the preferred stock, which is also the value of the mandatory redemption amount.

As of September 30, 2021, the carrying value of our convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs, is $39,857, and holders have earned unpaid stock dividends in the amount of 30,640 shares of common stock. This stock dividend was issued on October 1, 2021. These shares are included in basic and diluted net (loss) income per share attributable to common stock in Note 14. As of September 30, 2021, no shares of the preferred stock have been converted, and the preferred stock was not redeemable, nor probable to become redeemable in the future as there is a more than remote chance the shares will be automatically converted prior to the mandatory redemption date. The number of shares of common stock reserved for future issuance resulting from dividends, conversion, or redemption with respect to the preferred stock was 2,622,177 as of the issuance date.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Dividends—The holders of our convertible preferred stock are entitled to dividends. Dividends accrue daily based on a 360 day fiscal year at a rate of 5.5% per annum based on the issue price and are payable quarterly in arrears on the first business day following the end of each calendar quarter. Assuming we satisfy certain conditions, we will pay dividends in shares of common stock at a rate of the dividend payable divided by $17.95. If we do not satisfy such conditions, we will pay dividends in a cash amount equal to (i) the dividend shares otherwise issuable on the dividends multiplied by (ii) the volume-weighted average closing price of our common stock for the ten trading days preceding the date the dividends are payable.

Participation Rights—Holders of our convertible preferred stock are entitled to dividends paid and distributions made to holders of our common stock to the same extent as if such preferred stockholders had converted their shares of preferred stock into common stock and held such shares on the record date for such dividends and distributions.

Conversion—Holders may convert their convertible preferred stock into common stock at any time at a rate per share of preferred stock equal to the issue price divided by $19.51 (the "conversion price"). A holder that converts will also receive any dividend shares resulting from accrued dividends.

Our convertible preferred stock may also be automatically converted to shares of our common stock. If the closing price of our common stock exceeds $27.32 per share (i) for each day of the 30 consecutive trading days immediately preceding April 1, 2023 or (ii) following April 1, 2023 until 30 trading days prior to November 30, 2024, for each day of any 30 consecutive trading days, then each outstanding share of preferred stock will automatically convert into a number of shares of our common stock at a rate per share of preferred stock equal to the issue price divided by the conversion price. Upon an automatic conversion, a holder will also receive any dividend shares resulting from accrued dividends.

Redemption—On November 30, 2024, we will be required to redeem any outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock, and each holder may elect to receive cash, shares of common stock, or a combination of cash and shares. If a holder elects to receive cash, we will pay, for each share of preferred stock, an amount equal to the issue price plus any accrued dividends. If a holder elects to receive shares, we will issue, for each share of preferred stock, a number of shares of common stock at a rate of the issue price divided by the conversion price plus any dividend shares resulting from accrued dividends.

A holder of our convertible preferred stock has the right to require us to redeem up to all shares of preferred stock it holds following certain events outlined in the document governing the preferred stock. If a holder redeems as the result of such events, such holder may elect to receive cash or shares of common stock, as calculated in the same manner as the mandatory redemption described above. Additionally, such holder will also receive, in cash or shares of common stock as elected by the holder, an amount equal to all scheduled dividend payments on the preferred stock for all remaining dividend periods from the date the holder gives its notice of redemption.

Liquidation Rights—Upon our liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, holders of our convertible preferred stock will be entitled to receive cash out of our assets prior to holders of the common stock.

Note 13: Equity and Equity Compensation Plans

Common Stock—As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorized us to issue 500,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.001 per share.

Preferred Stock—As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorized us to issue 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001.

Amended and Restated 2004 Equity Incentive Plan—We granted options under our 2004 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (our "2004 Plan"), until July 26, 2017, when we terminated it in connection with our initial public offering. Accordingly, no shares are available for future issuance under our 2004 Plan. Our 2004 Plan continues to govern outstanding equity awards granted thereunder. The term of each stock option under the plan is no more than 10 years, and each stock option generally vests over a four-year period.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

2017 Equity Incentive Plan—Our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (our "2017 EIP") became effective on July 26, 2017, and provides for the issuance of incentive and nonqualified common stock options and restricted stock units to employees, directors, and consultants. The number of shares of common stock initially reserved for issuance under our 2017 EIP was 7,898,159. The number of shares reserved for issuance under our 2017 EIP will increase automatically on January 1 of each calendar year beginning on January 1, 2018, and continuing through January 1, 2028, by the number of shares equal to the lesser of 5% of the total outstanding shares of our common stock as of the immediately preceding December 31 or an amount determined by our board of directors. The term of each stock option and restricted stock unit under the plan will not exceed 10 years, and each award generally vests between two and four years.

We have reserved shares of common stock for future issuance under our 2017 EIP as follows:


	September 30, 2021	December 31, 2020
Stock options issued and outstanding	4,374,257	5,733,738
Restricted stock units outstanding	3,452,462	4,459,743
Shares available for future equity grants	16,718,941	11,309,377
Total shares reserved for future issuance	24,545,660	21,502,858

2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan—Our 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (our "ESPP") was approved by our board of directors on July 27, 2017 and enables eligible employees to purchase shares of our common stock at a discount. Purchases will be accomplished through participation in discrete offering periods. We initially reserved 1,600,000 shares of common stock for issuance under our ESPP. The number of shares reserved for issuance under our ESPP will increase automatically on January 1 of each calendar year beginning after the first offering date and continuing through January 1, 2028, by the number of shares equal to the lesser of 1% of the total outstanding shares of our common stock as of the immediately preceding December 31 or an amount determined by our board of directors. On each purchase date, eligible employees will purchase our common stock at a price per share equal to 85% of the lesser of (i) the fair market value of our common stock on the first trading day of the offering period and (ii) the fair market value of our common stock on the purchase date.

We have reserved shares of common stock for future issuance under our ESPP as follows:


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021	Year Ended December 31, 2020
Shares available for issuance at beginning of period	4,039,667	3,330,271
Shares issued during the period	(135,426)	(320,609)
Total shares available for future issuance at end of period	3,904,241	3,009,662

Stock Options—Option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was as follows:


	Number of Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2021	5,733,738	$	7.23	4.39	$	352,076

Options exercised	(1,354,078)	5.10
Options forfeited	(290)	10.80
Options expired	(5,113)	10.80
Outstanding as of September 30, 2021	4,374,257	7.88		3.92	184,685
Options exercisable as of September 30, 2021	4,224,257	7.18		3.78	181,295

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

The grant date fair value of our stock options is recorded as stock-based compensation over the stock options' vesting period.Our unvested stock options consist solely of stock options subject to performance conditions ("PSOs"), with a target of 150,000 shares and a maximum 300,000 shares, held by our chief executive officer. The options have an exercise price of $27.50 per share and have the same performance and vesting conditions as the restricted stock units subject to performance conditions that we granted in 2019. We determined that vesting is probable and have accrued compensation expense for the PSOs. None of the options vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. As of September 30, 2021, we have $95 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to these PSOs. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3 months.

Restricted Stock Units—Restricted stock unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was as follows:


	Restricted Stock Units	Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2021	4,459,743	$	27.44
Granted	658,610	55.89
Vested(1)	(1,072,378)	22.39
Forfeited or canceled	(593,513)	26.42
Outstanding or deferred as of September 30, 2021(1)	3,452,462	34.62

(1) Starting with the restricted stock units granted to them in June 2019, our non-employee directors have the option to defer the issuance of common stock receivable upon vesting of such restricted stock units until 60 days following the day they are no longer providing services to us or, if earlier, upon a change in control transaction. The amount reported as vested excludes restricted stock units that have vested but whose settlement into shares has been deferred. The amount reported as outstanding or deferred as of September 30, 2021 includes these restricted stock units. As no further conditions exist to prevent the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying these restricted stock units, the shares are included in basic and diluted weighted shares outstanding used to calculate net (loss) income per share attributable to common stock. The amount of shares whose issuance have been deferred is not considered material and is not reported separately from stock-based compensation in our consolidated statements of changes in mezzanine equity and stockholders’ equity.

The grant date fair value of restricted stock units is recorded as stock-based compensation over the vesting period. As of September 30, 2021, there was $99,783 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.29 years.

As of September 30, 2021, there were 331,759 restricted stock units subject to performance and market conditions ("PSUs") at 100% of the target level. Depending on our achievement of the performance and market conditions, the actual number of shares of common stock issuable upon vesting of PSUs will range from 0% to 200% of the target amount. For each PSU recipient, the awards will vest only if the recipient is continuing to provide service to us upon our board of directors, or its compensation committee, certifying that we have achieved the PSU's related performance or market conditions. Stock-based compensation expense for PSUs with performance conditions is recognized when it is probable that the performance conditions will be achieved. For PSUs with market conditions, the market condition is reflected in the grant-date fair value of the award and the expense is recognized over the life of the award. Stock-compensation expense associated with the PSUs is as follows:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020
Expense associated with the current period	$	4,465	$	(610)
Expense due to reassessment of achievement related to prior periods	—		484
Total expense	$	4,465	$	(126)

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Compensation Cost—The following table details, for each period indicated, our stock-based compensation, net of forfeitures, and the amount capitalized in website and software development costs, each as included in our consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Cost of revenue	$	3,283	$	2,574	$	10,019	$	5,981
Technology and development (1)	5,455		4,964		16,987		11,736
Marketing	537		403		1,615		1,130
General and administrative	3,835		3,407		10,817		6,917
Total stock-based compensation	$	13,110	$	11,348	$	39,438	$	25,764

(1) Net of $1,028 and $563 of stock-based compensation that was capitalized in the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $2,745 and $1,714 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.

Note 14: Net (Loss) Income per Share Attributable to Common Stock

Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stock is computed by dividing the net (loss) income attributable to common stock by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. We have outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, options to purchase shares under our ESPP, convertible preferred stock, and convertible senior notes, which are considered in the calculation of diluted net (loss) income per share whenever doing so would be dilutive.

We calculate basic and diluted net (loss) income per share attributable to common stock in conformity with the two-class method required for companies with participating securities. We consider our convertible preferred stock to be participating securities. Under the two-class method, net loss attributable to common stock is not allocated to the preferred stock as its holders do not have a contractual obligation to share in losses, as discussed in Note 12.

The calculation of basic and diluted net (loss) income per share attributable to common stock was as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Numerator:
Net (loss) income	$	(18,949)	$	34,166	$	(82,611)	$	(32,562)
Dividends on convertible preferred stock	(1,662)		(1,530)		(5,875)		(2,814)
Undistributed earnings attributable to participating securities	—		(653)		—		—
Net (loss) income attributable to common stock—basic and diluted	$	(20,611)	$	31,983	$	(88,486)	$	(35,376)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares—basic(1)	105,144,872		99,840,144		104,327,614		97,365,122
Dilutive shares from stock plans	—		7,767,567		$	—	—
Weighted-average shares—diluted(1)	105,144,872		107,607,711		104,327,614		97,365,122
Net (loss) income per share:
Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stock—basic	$	(0.20)	$	0.32	$	(0.85)	$	(0.36)
Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stock—diluted	$	(0.20)	$	0.30	$	(0.85)	$	(0.36)

(1) Basic and diluted weighted-average shares outstanding include (i) common stock earned but not yet issued related to share-based dividends on our convertible preferred stock, and (ii) restricted stock units that have vested but whose settlement into common stock were deferred at the option of certain non-employee directors.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

The following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of the diluted net (loss) income per share for the periods presented because their effect would have been anti-dilutive:


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021	2020	2021	2020
2023 notes as if converted	769,623	4,705,398	769,623	4,705,398
2025 notes as if converted	9,119,960	—	9,119,960	—
2027 notes as if converted	6,147,900	—	6,147,900	—
Convertible preferred stock as if converted	2,040,000	2,040,000	2,040,000	2,040,000
Stock options outstanding(1)	4,374,257	—	4,374,257	5,924,213
Restricted stock units outstanding(1)(2)	3,424,733	—	3,424,733	3,932,539
Employee stock purchase plan	153,208	—	153,208	130,589
Total	26,029,681	6,745,398	26,029,681	16,732,739

(1) Excludes 331,759 incremental PSUs and 150,000 incremental PSOs that could vest, assuming applicable performance criteria and market conditions are achieved at 200% of target, which is the maximum achievement level. See Note 13 for additional information regarding PSUs and PSOs.

(2) Excludes 27,729 restricted stock units that have vested but whose settlement into common stock were deferred at the option of certain non-employee directors as of September 30, 2021.

Note 15: Income Taxes

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recorded an income tax benefit of $5,363, resulting in an effective tax rate of 6.10%, which is primarily a result of a deferred tax liability created through our April 2, 2021 acquisition of RentPath and can be used to realize certain deferred tax assets against which we had previously recorded a full valuation allowance. Our September 30, 2020 effective tax rate of 0% is a result of our previously recorded full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets.

In determining the realizability of the net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets, we consider numerous factors including historical profitability, estimated future taxable income, prudent and feasible tax planning strategies, and the industry in which we operate. Management reassesses the realization of the deferred tax assets each reporting period, which resulted in a valuation allowance against the full amount of our U.S. deferred tax assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020. To the extent that the financial results of our U.S. operations improve in the future and the deferred tax assets become realizable, we will reduce the valuation allowance through earnings.

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, substantial changes in our ownership may limit the amount of net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards that could be utilized annually in the future to offset taxable income. Any such annual limitation may significantly reduce the utilization of the NOLs before they expire. A Section 382 limitation study performed as of March 31, 2017 determined that Redfin experienced an ownership change in 2006 and $1,538 of the 2006 NOL is unavailable. Furthermore, in connection with our acquisition of RentPath, RentPath experienced an ownership change that triggered Sections 382. As of September 30, 2021, RentPath completed a Section 382 limitation study and based on this analysis, we do not expect a reduction in our ability to fully utilize RentPath's pre-ownership change NOLs.

As of December 31, 2020, we had accumulated approximately $227,751 of federal net operating losses, $12,576 (tax effected) of state net operating losses, and $2,050 of foreign net operating losses. Federal net operating losses are available to offset federal taxable income and begin to expire in 2025. Federal net operating loss carryforwards of $142,420 generated after 2017 available to offset future U.S. federal taxable income over an indefinite period.

As of April 2, 2021, RentPath had accumulated approximately $252,792 of federal net operating losses and $142,632 of deductible but limited federal business interest expense carryforwards. Federal net operating losses are available to offset federal taxable income and begin to expire in 2021. Federal net operating loss carryforwards of $42,911 generated after 2017 are available to offset future U.S. federal taxable income over an indefinite period. Deductible but limited federal business interest expense carryforwards are available to offset future U.S. federal taxable income over an indefinite period.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Our material income tax jurisdiction is the United States (federal) and Canada (foreign). As a result of NOL carryforwards, we are subject to audit for all tax years for federal purposes. All tax years remain subject to examination in various other jurisdictions that are not material to our consolidated financial statements.

Note 16: Debt

Warehouse Credit Facilities—To provide capital for the mortgage loans that it originates, Redfin Mortgage, our wholly owned mortgage origination subsidiary, utilizes warehouse credit facilities that are classified as current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Borrowings under each warehouse credit facility are secured by the related mortgage loan and rights and income associated with the loan. The following table summarizes borrowings under these facilities as of the periods presented:


	September 30, 2021						December 31, 2020
Lender	Borrowing Capacity		Outstanding Borrowings		Weighted-Average Interest Rate on Outstanding Borrowings		Borrowing Capacity		Outstanding Borrowings		Weighted-Average Interest Rate on Outstanding Borrowings
Western Alliance Bank	$	50,000	$	16,369	3.25	%	$	50,000	$	18,277	3.25	%
Texas Capital Bank, N.A.	40,000		15,674		2.98	%	40,000		12,903		3.35	%
Flagstar Bank, FSB	15,000		7,782		3.00	%	15,000		7,849		3.00	%
Total	$	105,000	$	39,825	—		$	105,000	$	39,029	—

Borrowings under the facility with Western Alliance Bank ("Western Alliance") mature on October 12, 2021 and generally bear interest at a rate equal to the greater of (i) one-month LIBOR plus 2.00% or (ii) 3.25%. Redfin Corporation has agreed to make capital contributions in an amount as necessary for Redfin Mortgage to satisfy its adjusted tangible net worth financial covenant under the agreement, but it was not obligated to make any such capital contributions as of September 30, 2021. See Note 17 for developments subsequent to September 30, 2021 with respect to this facility.

Borrowings under the facility with Texas Capital Bank, N.A. ("Texas Capital") mature on September 14, 2022 and generally bear interest at a rate equal to the greater of (i) the rate of interest accruing on the outstanding principal balance of the loan minus 0.25% or (ii) 2.95%. Redfin Corporation has guaranteed Redfin Mortgage’s obligations under the agreement.

Borrowings under the facility with Flagstar Bank, FSB ("Flagstar") generally bear interest at a rate equal to the greater of (i) one-month LIBOR plus 2.00% or (ii) 3.00%. This facility does not have a stated maturity date, but Flagstar may terminate the facility upon 30 days prior notice. Redfin Mortgage would be required to pay all amounts owed to Flagstar upon the facility's termination. See Note 17 for developments subsequent to September 30, 2021 with respect to this facility.

Secured Revolving Credit Facility—To provide capital for the homes that it purchases, RedfinNow has, through a special purpose entity called RedfinNow Borrower, entered into a secured revolving credit facility with Goldman Sachs Bank, N.A. ("Goldman Sachs"). Borrowings under the facility are secured by RedfinNow Borrower's assets, including the financed homes, as well as the equity interests in RedfinNow Borrower. The following table summarizes borrowings under this facility as of the periods presented:


	September 30, 2021						December 31, 2020
Lender	Borrowing Capacity		Outstanding Borrowings		Weighted-Average Interest Rate on Outstanding Borrowings		Borrowing Capacity		Outstanding Borrowings		Weighted-Average Interest Rate on Outstanding Borrowings
Goldman Sachs Bank USA	$	200,000	$	199,627	3.30	%	$	100,000	$	23,949	4.40	%

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

The facility matures on July 12, 2022, but we may extend the maturity date for an additional six months to repay outstanding borrowings. Goldman Sachs may, at its sole option, finance a portion of RedfinNow Borrower's acquisition costs of qualified homes that have been purchased. The portion financed is based, in part, on how long the qualifying home has been owned by a Redfin entity. Each new borrowing under the facility on and after January 12, 2021 generally bears interest at a rate of one-month LIBOR (subject to a floor of 0.30%) plus 3.00%. Outstanding borrowings originated before January 12, 2021 generally bear interest at a rate of one-month LIBOR (subject to a floor of 0.50%) plus an additional rate agreed upon between RedfinNow Borrower and Goldman Sachs.

RedfinNow Borrower must repay all borrowings and accrued interest upon the termination of the facility, and it has the option to repay the borrowings, and the related interest, with respect to a specific financed home upon the sale of such home. In certain situations involving a financed home remaining unsold after a certain time period or becoming ineligible for financing under the facility, RedfinNow Borrower may be obligated to repay all or a portion of the borrowings, and related interest, with respect to such home prior to the sale of such home. In instances involving "bad acts," Redfin Corporation has guaranteed repayment of amounts owed under the facility, in some situations, and indemnification of certain expenses incurred, in other situations.

As of September 30, 2021, RedfinNow Borrower had $511,569 of total assets, of which $415,610 related to inventory and $25,446 in cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2020, RedfinNow Borrower had $65,191 of total assets, of which $47,620 related to inventory and $11,818 in cash and equivalents.

For the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, we amortized $81 and $155 of debt issuance costs, respectively, and recognized $1,375 and $101 of interest expense, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, we amortized $217 and $464 of debt issuance costs, respectively, and recognized $2,328 and $432 of interest expense, respectively.

Convertible Senior Notes—We have issued convertible senior notes with the following characteristics:


Issuance	Maturity Date	Stated Cash Interest Rate		Effective Interest Rate		First Interest Payment Date	Semi-Annual Interest Payment Dates	Conversion Rate
2023 notes	July 15, 2023	1.75	%	2.45	%	January 15, 2019	January 15; July 15	32.7332
2025 notes	October 15, 2025	—	%	0.42	%	—	—	13.7920
2027 notes	April 1, 2027	0.50	%	0.90	%	October 1, 2021	April 1; October 1	10.6920

We issued our 2023 notes on July 23, 2018, with an aggregate principal amount of $143,750. Subsequent to the issuance date, we repurchased or settled conversions of an aggregate of $120,238 of our 2023 notes. On July 20, 2021, our 2023 notes became redeemable by us, but we did not exercise our redemption right during the three months ended September 30, 2021.

We issued our 2025 notes on October 20, 2020, with an aggregate principal amount of $661,250.

We issued our 2027 notes on March 25, 2021 and April 5, 2021, with an aggregate principal amount of $575,000. Our proceeds from the issuance, after deducting the initial purchasers' discount and offering expenses payable by us, were $561,529.

The components of our convertible senior notes were as follows:


	September 30, 2021
Issuance	Aggregate Principal Amount		Unamortized Debt Discount		Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs		Net Carrying Amount
2023 notes	$	23,512	$	—	$	269	$	23,243
2025 notes	661,250		—		11,157		650,093
2027 notes	575,000		—		12,326		562,674

Index to Notes to Financial Statements


	December 31, 2020
Issuance	Aggregate Principal Amount		Unamortized Debt Discount		Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs		Net Carrying Amount
2023 notes	$	25,626	$	2,776	$	368	$	22,482
2025 notes	661,250		163,077		9,905		488,268


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
2023 notes
Contractual interest expense	$	103	$	629	$	311	$	1,887
Amortization of debt discount	—		1,422		—		4,217
Amortization of debt issuance costs	41		189		151		562
Total interest expense	$	144	$	2,240	$	462	$	6,666

2025 notes
Contractual interest expense	—		—		—		—
Amortization of debt discount	—		—		—		—
Amortization of debt issuance costs	690		—		2,070		—
Total interest expense	$	690	$	—	$	2,070	$	—

2027 notes
Contractual interest expense	719		—		1,468		—
Amortization of debt discount	—		—		—		—
Amortization of debt issuance costs	560		—		1,145		—
Total interest expense	$	1,279	$	—	$	2,613	$	—

Total
Contractual interest expense	822		629		1,779		1,887
Amortization of debt discount	—		1,422		—		4,217
Amortization of debt issuance costs	1,291		189		3,366		562
Total interest expense	$	2,113	$	2,240	$	5,145	$	6,666

Conversion of Our Convertible Senior Notes

Prior to the free conversion date, a holder of each tranche of our convertible senior notes may convert its notes in multiples of $1,000 principal amount only if one or more of the conditions described below is satisfied. On or after the free conversion date, a holder may convert its notes in such multiples without any conditions. The free conversion date is April 15, 2023 for our 2023 notes, July 15, 2025 for our 2025 notes, and January 1, 2027 for our 2027 notes.

The conditions are:

•during any calendar quarter (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the applicable conversion price on each applicable trading day;

•during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the applicable notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the applicable conversion rate on each such trading day

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

•if we call any or all of the applicable notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day prior to the redemption date; or

•upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.

With respect to our 2023 notes, the first condition described above was satisfied during the quarter ended September 30, 2021. As a result, our 2023 notes will be convertible at a holder's option during the quarter ending December 31, 2021, and have been classified as current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2021. During the three months ended September 30, 2021, we settled conversion requests with respect to our 2023 notes with an aggregate principal amount of $226 using a combination of $234 cash and 3,164 shares.

We intend to settle any future conversions of our convertible senior notes by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election. We apply the if-converted method to calculate diluted earnings per share when applicable. Under the if-converted method, the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation is adjusted to reflect the full number of common shares issuable upon conversion, while the numerator is adjusted to add back interest expense for the period.

Classification of Our Convertible Senior Notes

Historically, we had separated our 2023 notes and our 2025 notes into liability and equity components. With our adoption of ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2021, using the modified retrospective approach, this accounting treatment is no longer applicable. All of our convertible senior notes are now accounted for wholly as liabilities. See Note 1 for adoption information related to the new standard. The difference between the principal amount of the notes and the net carrying amount represents the unamortized debt discount, which we record as a deduction from the debt liability in our consolidated balance sheets. This discount is amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the notes.

See Note 4 for fair value information related to our convertible senior notes.

2027 Capped Calls—In connection with the pricing of our 2027 notes, we entered into capped call transactions with certain counterparties (the “2027 capped calls”). The 2027 capped calls have initial strike prices of $93.53 per share and initial cap prices of $138.56 per share, in each case subject to certain adjustments. Conditions that cause adjustments to the initial strike price and initial cap price of the 2027 capped calls are similar to the conditions that result in corresponding adjustments to the conversion rate for our 2027 notes. The 2027 capped calls cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, 6,147,900 shares of our common stock and are generally intended to reduce or offset the potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of the 2027 notes, with such reduction or offset, as the case may be, subject to a cap based on the cap price. The 2027 capped calls are separate transactions, and not part of the terms of our 2027 notes. As these instruments meet certain accounting criteria, the 2027 capped calls are recorded in stockholders’ equity and are not accounted for as derivatives. The cost of $62,647 incurred in connection with the 2027 capped calls was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

Note 17: Subsequent Events

On October 6, 2021, we extended the maturity date of our warehouse credit facility with Western Alliance to November 12, 2021.

On November 1, 2021, we increased the borrowing capacity under our warehouse credit facility with Flagstar to $25,000.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements, the accompanying notes, and other information included in this quarterly report and our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2020. In particular, the disclosure contained in Item 1A in our annual report, as updated by Part II, Item 1A in this quarterly report, may reflect trends, demands, commitments, events, or uncertainties that could materially impact our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources.

The following discussion contains forward-looking statements, such as statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, our market growth and trends, and our objectives for future operations. Please see "Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" for more information about relying on these forward-looking statements. The following discussion also contains information using industry publications. Please see "Note Regarding Industry and Market Data" for more information about relying on these industry publications.

When we use the term "basis points" in the following discussion, we refer to units of one-hundredth of one percent.

Overview

We help people buy and sell homes. Representing customers in over 100 markets in the United States and Canada, we are a residential real estate brokerage. We pair our own agents with our own technology to create a service that is faster, better, and costs less. We meet customers through our listings-search website and mobile application.

We use the same combination of technology and local service to originate mortgage loans and offer title and settlement services. We also buy homes directly from homeowners who want an immediate sale, taking responsibility for selling the home while the original owner moves on. Beginning in April 2021, we started using digital platforms to connect consumers with available apartments and houses for rent.

Our mission is to redefine real estate in the consumer’s favor.

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Key Business Metrics

In addition to the measures presented in our consolidated financial statements, we use the following key metrics to evaluate our business, develop financial forecasts, and make strategic decisions.


	Three Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2021			Jun. 30, 2021			Mar. 31, 2021			Dec. 31, 2020			Sep. 30 2020			Jun. 30, 2020			Mar. 31, 2020			Dec. 31, 2019			Sep. 30, 2019
Monthly average visitors (in thousands)	49,147			48,437			46,202			44,135			49,258			42,537			35,519			30,595			35,633
Real estate services transactions
Brokerage	21,929			21,006			14,317			16,951			18,980			13,828			10,751			13,122			16,098
Partner	4,755			4,597			3,944			4,940			5,180			2,691			2,479			2,958			3,499
Total	26,684			25,603			18,261			21,891			24,160			16,519			13,230			16,080			19,597
Real estate services revenue per transaction
Brokerage	$	11,107		$	11,307		$	10,927		$	10,751		$	10,241		$	9,296		$	9,520		$	9,425		$	9,075
Partner	2,990			3,195			3,084			3,123			2,988			2,417			2,535			2,369			2,295
Aggregate	9,661			9,850			9,233			9,030			8,686			8,175			8,211			8,127			7,865
Aggregate home value of real estate services transactions (in millions)	$	14,926		$	14,612		$	9,621		$	11,478		$	12,207		$	7,576		$	6,098		$	7,588		$	9,157
U.S. market share by value	1.16		%	1.18		%	1.16		%	1.04		%	1.04		%	0.94		%	0.92		%	0.95		%	0.96		%
Revenue from top-10 Redfin markets as a percentage of real estate services revenue	61		%	64		%	62		%	63		%	63		%	63		%	61		%	62		%	63		%
Average number of lead agents	2,370			2,456			2,277			1,981			1,820			1,399			1,826			1,526			1,579
RedfinNow homes sold	388			292			171			83			37			162			171			212			168
Revenue per RedfinNow home sold (in ones)	$	599,010		$	570,930		$	525,173		$	471,551		$	504,583		$	444,690		$	461,916		$	466,939		$	476,770

Monthly Average Visitors

The number of, and growth in, visitors to our website and mobile application are important leading indicators of our business activity because these channels are the primary ways we meet customers. For a particular period, monthly average visitors refers to the average of the number of unique visitors to our website and mobile application for each of the months in that period. Monthly average visitors are influenced by, among other things, market conditions that affect interest in buying or selling homes, the level and success of our marketing programs, seasonality, and how our website appears in search results. We believe we can continue to increase monthly visitors, which helps our growth.

Given the lengthy process to buy or sell a home, a visitor during one month may not convert to a revenue-generating customer until many months later, if at all.

When we refer to "monthly average visitors" for a particular period, we are referring to the average number of unique visitors to our website and our mobile applications for each of the months in that period, as measured by Google Analytics, a product that provides digital marketing intelligence. Google Analytics tracks visitors using cookies, with a unique cookie being assigned to each browser or mobile application on a device. For any given month, Google Analytics counts all of the unique cookies that visited our website and mobile applications during that month. Google Analytics considers each unique cookie as a unique visitor. Due to third-party technological limitations, user software settings, or user behavior, it is possible that Google Analytics may assign a unique cookie to different visits by the same person to our website or mobile application. In such instances, Google Analytics would count different visits by the same person as separate visits by unique visitors. Accordingly, reliance on the number of unique cookies counted by Google Analytics may overstate the actual number of unique persons who visit our website or our mobile applications for a given month.

Our monthly average visitors exclude visitors to RentPath's websites and mobile applications.

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Real Estate Services Transactions

We record a brokerage real estate services transaction when one of our lead agents represented the homebuyer or home seller in the purchase or sale, respectively, of a home. We record a partner real estate services transaction (i) when one of our partner agents represented the homebuyer or home seller in the purchase or sale, respectively, of a home or (ii) when a Redfin customer sold his or her home to a third-party institutional buyer following our introduction of that customer to the buyer. We include a single transaction twice when our lead agents or our partner agents serve both the homebuyer and the home seller of the transaction. Additionally, when one of our lead agents represents RedfinNow in its sale of a home, we include that transaction as a brokerage real estate services transaction.

Increasing the number of real estate services transactions is critical to increasing our revenue and, in turn, to achieving profitability. Real estate services transaction volume is influenced by, among other things, the pricing and quality of our services as well as market conditions that affect home sales, such as local inventory levels and mortgage interest rates. Real estate services transaction volume is also affected by seasonality and macroeconomic factors.

Real Estate Services Revenue per Transaction

Real estate services revenue per transaction, together with the number of real estate services transactions, is a factor in evaluating revenue growth. We also use this metric to evaluate pricing changes. Changes in real estate services revenue per transaction can be affected by, among other things, our pricing, the mix of transactions from homebuyers and home sellers, changes in the value of homes in the markets we serve, the geographic mix of our transactions, and the transactions we refer to partner agents and any third-party institutional buyer. We calculate real estate services revenue per transaction by dividing brokerage, partner, or aggregate revenue, as applicable, by the corresponding number of real estate services transactions in any period.

We generally generate more real estate services revenue per transaction from representing homebuyers than home sellers. However, we believe that representing home sellers has unique strategic value, including the marketing power of yard signs and digital marketing campaigns, and the market effect of controlling listing inventory. To keep revenue per brokerage transaction about the same from year to year, we expect to reduce our commission refund to homebuyers if a greater portion of our brokerage transactions come from home sellers.

Aggregate Home Value of Real Estate Services Transactions

The aggregate home value of brokerage and partner real estate services transactions is an important indicator of the health of our business, because our revenue is largely based on a percentage of each home’s sale price. This metric is affected chiefly by the number of customers we serve, but also by changes in home values in the markets we serve. We compute this metric by summing the sale price of each home represented in a real estate services transaction. We include the value of a single transaction twice when our lead agents or our partner agents serve both the homebuyer and home seller of the transaction.

U.S. Market Share by Value

Increasing our U.S. market share by value is critical to our ability to grow our business and achieve profitability over the long term. We believe there is a significant opportunity to increase our share in the markets we currently serve.

We calculate the aggregate value of U.S. home sales by multiplying the total number of U.S. existing home sales by the mean sale price of these homes, each as reported by the National Association of REALTORS® ("NAR"). NAR data for the most recent period is preliminary and may subsequently be updated by NAR. We calculate our market share by aggregating the home value of brokerage and partner real estate services transactions. Then, in order to account for both the sell- and buy-side components of each transaction, we divide that value by two-times the estimated aggregate value of U.S. home sales.

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Revenue from Top-10 Markets as a Percentage of Real Estate Services Revenue

Our top-10 markets by real estate services revenue are the metropolitan areas of Boston, Chicago, Denver (including Boulder and Colorado Springs), Los Angeles (including Santa Barbara), Maryland, Northern Virginia, Portland (including Bend), San Diego, San Francisco, and Seattle. This metric is an indicator of the geographic concentration of our real estate services segment. We expect our revenue from top-10 markets to decline as a percentage of our total real estate services revenue over time.

Average Number of Lead Agents

The average number of lead agents, in combination with our other key metrics such as the number of brokerage transactions, is a basis for calculating agent productivity and is one indicator of the potential future growth of our business. We systematically evaluate traffic to our website and mobile application and customer activity to anticipate changes in customer demand, helping determine when and where to hire lead agents.

We calculate the average number of lead agents by taking the average of the number of lead agents at the end of each month included in the period.

RedfinNow Homes Sold

The number of homes sold by RedfinNow is a useful indicator for investors to understand the underlying transaction volume growth of our RedfinNow business. This number is influenced by, among other things, the level and quality of our homes available for sale inventory, and market conditions that affect home sales, such as local inventory levels and mortgage interest rates.

Revenue per RedfinNow Home Sold

Revenue per RedfinNow home sold, together with the number of RedfinNow homes sold, is a factor in evaluating revenue growth. Changes in revenue per RedfinNow home sold can be affected by, among other things, the geographic mix of RedfinNow's home sales, the types and sizes of homes that it had previously purchased, our pricing, and changes in the value of homes in the markets it serves. We calculate revenue per RedfinNow home sold by dividing revenue from sales of homes by RedfinNow by the number of homes sold by RedfinNow in any period.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

Real Estate Services Revenue

Brokerage Revenue—Brokerage revenue includes our offer and listing services, where our lead agents represent homebuyers and home sellers. We recognize commission-based brokerage revenue upon closing of a brokerage transaction, less the amount of any commission refunds, closing-cost reductions, or promotional offers that may result in a material right. Brokerage revenue is affected by the number of brokerage transactions we close, the mix of brokerage transactions, home-sale prices, commission rates, and the amount we give to customers.

Partner Revenue—Partner revenue consists of fees paid to us from partner agents or under other referral agreements, less the amount of any payments we make to homebuyers and home sellers. We recognize these fees as revenue on the closing of a transaction. Partner revenue is affected by the number of partner transactions closed, home-sale prices, commission rates, and the amount we refund to customers. If the portion of customers we introduce to our own lead agents increases, we expect the portion of revenue closed by partner agents to decrease.

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Properties Revenue

Properties Revenue—Properties revenue consists of revenues earned when we sell homes that we previously bought directly from homeowners and when we perform maintenance on customers' homes. Properties revenue is recorded at closing on a gross basis, representing the sales price of the home or maintenance performed.

Rentals Revenue

Rentals Revenue—Rentals revenue is primarily composed of subscription-based product offerings for internet listing services, as well as lead management and digital marketing solutions.

Other Revenue

Other Revenue—Other services revenue includes fees earned from mortgage origination services, title settlement services, Walk Score data services, and advertising. Substantially all fees and revenue from other services are recognized when the service is provided.

Intercompany Eliminations

Intercompany Eliminations—Revenue earned from transactions between operating segments are eliminated in consolidating our financial statements. Intercompany transactions primarily consist of services performed from our real estate services segment for our properties segment.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

Cost of revenue consists primarily of personnel costs (including base pay, benefits, and stock-based compensation), transaction bonuses, home-touring and field expenses, listing expenses, home costs related to our properties segment, customer fulfillment costs related to our rentals segment, office and occupancy expenses, and depreciation and amortization related to fixed assets and acquired intangible assets. Home costs related to our properties segment include home purchase costs, capitalized improvements, selling expenses directly attributable to the transaction, and home maintenance expenses.

Gross profit is revenue less cost of revenue. Gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of revenue. Our gross margin has and will continue to be affected by a number of factors, but the most important are the mix of revenue from our relatively higher-gross-margin rentals and real estate services segments and our relatively lower-gross-margin properties segment, real estate services revenue per transaction, agent and support-staff productivity, personnel costs and transaction bonuses, and, for properties, the home purchase costs.

Operating Expenses

Technology and Development

Our primary technology and development expenses are building software for our customers, lead agents, and support staff to work together on a transaction, and building a website and mobile application to meet customers looking to move. These expenses primarily include personnel costs (including base pay, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation), data licenses, software and equipment, and infrastructure such as for data centers and hosted services. The expenses also include amortization of capitalized internal-use software and website and mobile application development costs. We expense research and development costs as incurred and record them in technology and development expenses.

Marketing

Marketing expenses consist primarily of media costs for online and offline advertising, as well as personnel costs (including base pay, benefits, and stock-based compensation).

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General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs (including base pay, benefits, and stock-based compensation), facilities costs and related expenses for our executive, finance, human resources (including recruiting), and legal organizations, depreciation related to our fixed assets, and fees for outside services. Outside services are principally comprised of external legal, audit, and tax services. For our rentals business, personnel costs include employees in the sales department. These employees are responsible for attracting potential rental properties and agreeing to contract terms, but they are not responsible delivering a service to the rental property.

Interest Income, Interest Expense, Income Tax Benefit, and Other Income (Expense), Net

Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents, and investments.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of any interest payable on our convertible senior notes and, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the amortization of debt discounts and issuance cost related to our convertible senior notes. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding interest on our convertible senior notes.

Interest expense also includes interest on borrowings and the amortization of debt issuance costs related to our secured revolving credit facility. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding interest for the facility.

Income Tax Benefit

Income tax benefit relates to the partial release of our valuation allowance as a result of the intangible assets we acquired in connection with acquiring RentPath.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net consists primarily of realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding unrealized gains and losses on our investments.

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Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented and as a percentage of our revenue for those periods.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020

	(in thousands)

Revenue	$	540,074	$	236,916	$	1,279,708	$	641,576
Cost of revenue(1)	412,772		143,844		983,912		489,586
Gross profit	127,302		93,072		295,796		151,990
Operating expenses
Technology and development(1)	43,658		22,452		112,824		60,687
Marketing(1)	49,143		12,421		116,343		47,611
General and administrative(1)	54,395		21,190		151,352		68,539
Total operating expenses	147,196		56,063		380,519		176,837
Loss from operations	(19,894)		37,009		(84,723)		(24,847)
Interest income	178		319		472		1,859
Interest expense	(3,672)		(2,522)		(7,822)		(7,631)
Income tax benefit	311		—		5,363		—
Other income (expense), net	4,128		(640)		4,099		(1,943)
Net (loss) income	$	(18,949)	$	34,166	$	(82,611)	$	(32,562)

(1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020

	(in thousands)

Cost of revenue	$	3,283	$	2,574	$	10,019	$	5,981
Technology and development	5,455		4,964		16,987		11,736
Marketing	537		403		1,615		1,130
General and administrative	3,835		3,407		10,817		6,917
Total stock-based compensation	$	13,110	$	11,348	$	39,438	$	25,764


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020

	(as a percentage of revenue)

Revenue	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%
Cost of revenue(1)	76.4		60.7		76.9		76.3
Gross profit	23.6		39.3		23.1		23.7
Operating expenses
Technology and development(1)	8.1		9.5		8.8		9.5
Marketing(1)	9.1		5.2		9.1		7.4
General and administrative(1)	10.1		8.9		11.8		10.7
Total operating expenses	27.3		23.7		29.7		27.6
Loss from operations	(3.7)		15.6		(6.6)		(3.9)
Interest income	—		0.1		—		0.3
Interest expense	(0.7)		(1.1)		(0.6)		(1.2)
Income tax benefit	0.1		—		0.4		—
Other income (expense), net	0.8		(0.3)		0.3		(0.3)
Net (loss) income	(3.5)	%	14.4	%	(6.5)	%	(5.1)	%

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(1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020

	(as a percentage of revenue)

Cost of revenue	0.6	%	1.1	%	0.8	%	0.9	%
Technology and development	1.0		2.1		1.4		1.8
Marketing	0.1		0.2		0.1		0.2
General and administrative	0.7		1.4		0.8		1.1
Total	2.4	%	4.8	%	3.1	%	4.0	%

Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 and 2020

Revenue


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2021			2020			Dollars		Percentage

	(in thousands, except percentages)

Real estate services revenue
Brokerage revenue	$	243,575		$	194,375		$	49,200	25	%
Partner revenue	14,220			15,478			(1,258)		(8)
Total real estate services revenue	257,795			209,853			47,942		23
Properties revenue	238,417			19,005			219,412		1,154
Rentals revenue	40,406			—			40,406		n/a
Other revenue	8,206			8,503			(297)		(3)
Intercompany elimination	(4,750)			(445)			(4,305)		967
Total revenue	$	540,074		$	236,916		$	303,158	128
Percentage of revenue
Real estate services revenue
Brokerage	45.1		%	82.1		%
Partner revenue	2.6			6.5
Total real estate services revenue	47.7			88.6
Properties revenue	44.1			8.0
Rentals revenue	7.5			0.0
Other revenue	1.6			3.6
Intercompany elimination	(0.9)			(0.2)
Total revenue	100.0		%	100.0		%

In the three months ended September 30, 2021, revenue increased by $303.2 million, or 128%, as compared with the same period in 2020. Included in the increase was $40.4 million resulting from our acquisition of RentPath, and there were no such revenues in the three months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding these revenues from RentPath, this increase in revenue was primarily attributable to a $219.4 million increase in properties revenue and a $47.9 million increase in real estate services revenue. Properties revenue increased 1,154%, primarily driven by an 949% increase in RedfinNow homes sold and a 19% increase in revenue per RedfinNow home sold. These increases are largely due to our properties business's expansion, greater customer awareness of that business, and COVID-19's impacts on that business during the prior period. Brokerage revenue increased by $49.2 million, and partner revenue decreased by $1.3 million. Brokerage revenue increased 25% during the period, driven by a 16% increase in brokerage transactions and a 8% increase in brokerage revenue per transaction. We believe the increase in brokerage transactions was attributable to higher levels of customer awareness of Redfin and increasing customer demand, while the increase in brokerage revenue per transaction was driven primarily by increasing home values.

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Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2021			2020			Dollars		Percentage

	(in thousands, except percentages)

Cost of revenue
Real estate services	$	161,449		$	117,944		$	43,505	37	%
Properties	238,397			20,460			217,937		1,065
Rentals	7,395			—			7,395		n/a
Other	10,281			5,885			4,396		75
Intercompany elimination	(4,750)			(445)			(4,305)		967
Total cost of revenue	$	412,772		$	143,844		$	268,928	187

Gross profit
Real estate services	$	96,346		$	91,909		$	4,437	5	%
Properties	20			(1,455)			1,475		(101)
Rentals	33,011			—			33,011		n/a
Other	(2,075)			2,618			(4,693)		(179)
Total gross profit	$	127,302		$	93,072		$	34,230	37

Gross margin (percentage of revenue)
Real estate services	37.4		%	43.8		%
Properties	0.0			(7.7)
Rentals	81.7			—
Other	(25.3)			30.8
Total gross margin	23.6			39.3

In the three months ended September 30, 2021, total cost of revenue increased by $268.9 million, or 187%, as compared with the same period in 2020. Included in the increase was $7.4 million resulting from our acquisition of RentPath, and there were no such expenses in the three months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding these expenses from RentPath, this increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to (1) a $196.7 million increase in home purchase costs and related capitalized improvements by our properties business, due to more RedfinNow homes sold for more revenue per home, and (2) a $39.1 million increase in personnel costs and transaction bonuses, due to increased headcount and increased brokerage transactions, respectively.

In the three months ended September 30, 2021, total gross margin decreased 1,570 basis points as compared with the same period in 2020, driven primarily by the relative growth of our properties business compared to our real estate services and other businesses, and decreases in real estate services and other gross margin. This was partially offset by the increase in properties gross margin, and our acquisition of RentPath, which comprises our rentals business.

In the three months ended September 30, 2021, real estate services gross margin decreased 640 basis points as compared with the same period in 2020. This was primarily attributable to a 380 basis point increase in personnel costs and transaction bonuses and a 210 basis point increase in home-touring and field expenses, each as a percentage of revenue.

In the three months ended September 30, 2021, properties gross margin increased 770 basis points as compared with the same period in 2020. This was primarily attributable to an 840 basis point decrease in personnel costs and transaction bonuses as a percentage of revenue. This was partially offset by a 140 basis point increase in home purchase and related capitalized improvements as a percentage of revenue.

In the three months ended September 30, 2021, other gross margin decreased 5,610 basis points. This was primarily attributable to a 4,550 basis point increase in personnel costs and transaction bonuses as a percentage of revenue.

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Operating Expenses


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2021			2020			Dollars		Percentage

	(in thousands, except percentages)

Technology and development	$	43,658		$	22,452		$	21,206	94	%
Marketing	49,143			12,421			36,722		296
General and administrative	54,395			21,190			33,205		157
Total operating expenses	$	147,196		$	56,063		$	91,133	163
Percentage of revenue
Technology and development	8.1		%	9.5		%
Marketing	9.1			5.2
General and administrative	10.1			9.0
Total operating expenses	27.3		%	23.7		%

In the three months ended September 30, 2021, technology and development expenses increased by $21.2 million, or 94%, as compared with the same period in 2020. Included in the increase was $13.1 million resulting from our acquisition of RentPath, and there were no such expenses in the three months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding these expenses from RentPath, the increase was primarily attributable to a $5.7 million increase in personnel costs due to increased headcount.

In the three months ended September 30, 2021, marketing expenses increased by $36.7 million, or 296%, as compared with the same period in 2020. Included in the increase was $14.1 million resulting from our acquisition of RentPath, and there were no such expenses in the three months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding these expenses from RentPath, the increase was primarily attributable to a $21.6 million increase in marketing media costs as we expanded advertising.

In the three months ended September 30, 2021, general and administrative expenses increased by $33.2 million, or 157%, as compared with the same period in 2020. Included in the increase was $23.1 million resulting from our acquisition of RentPath, and there were no such expenses in the three months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding these expenses from RentPath, the increase was primarily attributable to a $6.7 million increase in personnel costs due to increased headcount.

Interest Income, Interest Expense, Income Tax Benefit, and Other Income (Expense), Net


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2021			2020			Dollars		Percentage

	(in thousands, except percentages)

Interest income	$	178		$	319		$	(141)	(44)	%
Interest expense	(3,672)			(2,522)			(1,150)		(46)
Income tax benefit	311			—			311		n/a
Other income (expense), net	4,128			(640)			4,768		745
Interest income, interest expense, income tax benefit, and other income (expense), net	$	945		$	(2,843)		$	3,788	133
Percentage of revenue
Interest income	0.0		%	0.1		%
Interest expense	(0.7)			(1.1)
Income tax benefit	0.1			0.0
Other income (expense), net	0.8			(0.3)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax benefit, and other income (expense), net	0.2		%	(1.2)		%

In the three months ended September 30, 2021, interest income, interest expense, income tax benefit, and other income (expense), net increased by $3.8 million as compared to the same period in 2020.

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Interest income decreased $0.1 million due to lower interest rates on our cash, cash equivalents, and investments.

Interest expense increased by $1.2 million due primarily to use of our secured revolving credit facility. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on this facility. This increase was partially offset by the implementation of ASU 2020-06, which eliminates the liability and equity separation models for convertible instruments. As a result, we did not incur an expense for the accretion of the equity portion of our convertible senior notes during the three months ended September 30, 2021. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our adoption of this accounting standard.

Income tax benefit increased by $0.3 million primarily due to a deferred tax liability created through the RentPath acquisition, and such deferred tax liability was used to realize certain deferred tax assets against which we had previously recorded a full valuation allowance. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements.

Other income (expense), net increased by $4.8 million primarily due to recording the fair value of one of our investments. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on this recording.

Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 and 2020

Revenue


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2021			2020			Dollars		Percentage

	(in thousands, except percentages)

Real estate services revenue
Brokerage revenue	$	637,532		$	425,269		$	212,263	50	%
Partner revenue	41,070			28,269			12,801		45
Total real estate services revenue	678,602			453,538			225,064		50
Properties revenue	503,588			170,287			333,301		196
Rentals revenue	82,954			—			82,954		n/a
Other revenue	26,084			19,999			6,085		30
Intercompany elimination	(11,520)			(2,248)			(9,272)		412
Total revenue	$	1,279,708		$	641,576		$	638,132	99
Percentage of revenue
Real estate services revenue
Brokerage	49.8		%	66.3		%
Partner revenue	3.2			4.4
Total real estate services revenue	53.0			70.7
Properties revenue	39.4			26.5
Rentals revenue	6.5			—
Other revenue	2.0			3.1
Intercompany elimination	(0.9)			(0.3)
Total revenue	100.0		%	100.0		%

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In the nine months ended September 30, 2021, revenue increased by $638.1 million, or 99%, as compared to the same period in 2020. Included in the increase was $83.0 million resulting from our acquisition of RentPath, and there were no such revenues in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding these revenues from RentPath, this increase in revenue was primarily attributable to a $333.3 million increase in properties revenue, and $225.1 million increase in real estate services revenue. Properties revenue increased 196%, primarily driven by an 130% increase in RedfinNow homes sold and a 20% increase in revenue per RedfinNow home sold. These increases are largely due to our properties business's expansion, greater customer awareness of that business, and COVID-19's impacts on that business during the prior period. Brokerage revenue increased by $212.3 million, and partner revenue increased by $12.8 million. Brokerage revenue increased 50% during the period, driven by a 31% increase in brokerage transactions and an 14% increase in brokerage revenue per transaction. We believe the increase in brokerage transactions was attributable to higher levels of customer awareness of Redfin and increasing customer demand, while the increase in brokerage revenue per transaction was driven primarily by increasing home values.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2021			2020			Dollars		Percentage

	(in thousands, except percentages)

Cost of revenue
Real estate services	$	453,790		$	300,305		$	153,485	51	%
Properties	496,948			173,107			323,841		187
Rentals	14,965			—			14,965		n/a
Other	29,729			18,422			11,307		61
Intercompany elimination	(11,520)			(2,248)			(9,272)		412
Total cost of revenue	$	983,912		$	489,586		$	494,326	101

Gross profit
Real estate services	$	224,812		$	153,233		$	71,579	47	%
Properties	6,640			(2,820)			9,460		(335)
Rentals	67,989			—			67,989		n/a
Other	(3,645)			1,577			(5,222)		(331)
Total gross profit	$	295,796		$	151,990		$	143,806	95

Gross margin (percentage of revenue)
Real estate services	33.1		%	33.8		%
Properties	1.3			(1.7)
Rentals	82.0			—
Other	(14.0)			7.9
Total gross margin	23.1			23.7

In the nine months ended September 30, 2021, total cost of revenue increased by $494.3 million, or 101%, as compared with the same period in 2020. Included in the increase was $15.0 million resulting from our acquisition of RentPath, and there were no such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding these expenses from RentPath, this increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to (1) an $285.2 million increase in home purchase costs and related capitalized improvements by our properties business, due to more RedfinNow homes sold for more revenue per home, and (2) a $134.0 million increase in personnel costs and transaction bonuses, due to increased headcount and increased brokerage transactions, respectively.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2021, total gross margin decreased 60 basis points as compared with the same period in 2020, driven primarily by the relative growth of our properties business compared to our real estate services and other businesses, and decreases in real estate services and other gross margin. This was partially offset by the increase in properties gross margin, and our acquisition of RentPath, which comprises our rentals business.

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In the nine months ended September 30, 2021, real estate services gross margin decreased 70 basis points as compared with the same period in 2020. This was primarily attributable to a 130 basis point increase in home-touring and field expenses as a percentage of revenue. This was partially offset by a 60 basis point decrease in listing expenses as a percentage of revenue.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2021, properties gross margin increased 300 basis points as compared with the same period in 2020. This was primarily attributable to a 390 basis point decrease in home purchase and related capitalized improvements as a percentage of revenue. This was partially offset by a 40 basis point increase in personnel costs and transaction bonuses as a percentage of revenue.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2021, other gross margin decreased 2,190 basis points. This was primarily attributable to a 2,160 basis point increase in personnel costs and transaction bonuses as a percentage of revenue.

Operating Expenses


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2021			2020			Dollars		Percentage

	(in thousands, except percentages)

Technology and development	$	112,824		$	60,687		$	52,137	86	%
Marketing	116,343			47,611			68,732		144
General and administrative	151,352			68,539			82,813		121
Total operating expenses	$	380,519		$	176,837		$	203,682	115
Percentage of revenue
Technology and development	8.8		%	9.5		%
Marketing	9.1			7.4
General and administrative	11.8			10.7
Total operating expenses	29.7		%	27.6		%

In the nine months ended September 30, 2021, technology and development expenses increased by $52.1 million, or 86%, as compared with the same period in 2020. Included in the increase was $26.1 million resulting from our acquisition of RentPath, and there were no such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding these expenses from RentPath, the increase was primarily attributable to an $21.0 million increase in personnel costs due to increased headcount.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2021, marketing expenses increased by $68.7 million, or 144%, as compared with the same period in 2020. Included in the increase was $26.7 million resulting from our acquisition of RentPath, and there were no such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding these expenses from RentPath, the increase was primarily attributable to a $37.7 million increase in marketing media costs as we expanded advertising.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2021, general and administrative expenses increased by $82.8 million, or 121%, as compared with the same period in 2020. Included in the increase was $46.1 million resulting from our acquisition of RentPath, and there were no such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding these expenses from RentPath, the increase was primarily attributable to a $21.8 million increase in personnel costs due to increased headcount, a $7.9 million increase in transaction costs from our acquisition of RentPath, and a $7.2 million increase in advertising campaign and contractor expenses for recruiting employees and independent contractors. This was partially offset by a $6.5 million decrease in restructuring expenses, as we had no such restructuring expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

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Interest Income, Interest Expense, Income Tax Benefit, and Other Income (Expense), Net


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2021			2020			Dollars		Percentage

	(in thousands, except percentages)

Interest income	$	472		$	1,859		$	(1,387)	(75)	%
Interest expense	(7,822)			(7,631)			(191)		3
Income tax benefit	5,363			—			5,363		n/a
Other income (expense), net	4,099			(1,943)			6,042		(311)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax benefit, and other income (expense), net	$	2,112		$	(7,715)		$	9,827	(127)
Percentage of revenue
Interest income	0.0		%	0.3		%
Interest expense	(0.6)			(1.2)
Income tax benefit	0.4			—
Other income (expense), net	0.3			(0.3)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax benefit, and other income (expense), net	0.2		%	(1.2)		%

In the nine months ended September 30, 2021, interest income, interest expense, income tax benefit, and other income (expense), net increased by $9.8 million as compared to the same period in 2020.

Interest income decreased $1.4 million due to lower interest rates on our cash, cash equivalents, and investments.

Interest expense decreased by $0.2 million due primarily to the implementation of ASU 2020-06, which eliminates the liability and equity separation models for convertible instruments. As a result, we did not incur an expense for the accretion of the equity portion of our convertible senior notes during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our adoption of this accounting standard.

Income tax benefit increased by $5.4 million primarily due to a deferred tax liability created through the RentPath acquisition, and such deferred tax liability was used to realize certain deferred tax assets against which we had previously recorded a full valuation allowance. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements.

Other income (expense), net increased by $6.0 million primarily due to (1) recording the fair value of one of our investments during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, where we did not have this recording during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and (2) writing down the fair value of another of our investments during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, where we did not have this write down during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our fair value recording.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of September 30, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $562.7 million and investments of $82.1 million, which consist primarily of operating cash on deposit with financial institutions, money market instruments, U.S. treasury securities, and agency bonds.

Also as of September 30, 2021, we had $1,259.8 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes outstanding across three issuances maturing between July 15, 2023 and April 1, 2027. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements for our obligations to pay semi-annual interest and to repay any outstanding amounts at the notes' maturity.

Also as of September 30, 2021, we had 40,000 shares of convertible preferred stock outstanding. See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements for our obligations to pay quarterly interest and to redeem any outstanding shares on November 30, 2024.

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With respect to the cash outlay for our properties business, for the quarter ended September 30, 2021, we relied on (i) a combination of our cash on hand and borrowings from a secured revolving credit facility to fund home purchase prices and (ii) solely on our cash on hand to fund capitalized improvement costs and home maintenance expenses. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on changes to inventory related to home purchases and home sales for our properties business. See Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on home purchase commitments related to our properties business. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the secured revolving credit facility.

Our mortgage business has significant cash requirements due to the period of time between its origination of a mortgage loan and the sale of that loan. We have relied on warehouse credit facilities with different lenders to fund substantially the entire portion of the mortgage loans that our mortgage business originates. Once our mortgage business sells a loan in the secondary mortgage market, we use the proceeds to reduce the outstanding balance under the related facility. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our warehouse credit facilities.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and investments, together with cash we expect to generate from future operations, and borrowings from our secured revolving credit facility and our warehouse credit facilities, will provide sufficient liquidity to meet our operational needs, satisfy commitments by our properties business to purchase homes, and fulfill our payment obligations with respect to our convertible senior notes and convertible preferred stock. However, our liquidity assumptions may change or prove to be incorrect, and we could exhaust our available financial resources sooner than we currently expect. As a result, we may seek new sources of credit financing or elect to raise additional funds through equity, equity-linked, or debt financing arrangements. We cannot assure you that any additional financing will be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020

	(in thousands)

Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	$	(414,121)	$	51,535
Net cash used in investing activities	(562,862)		(56,154)
Net cash provided by financing activities	668,412		145,153

Net Cash (Used In) Provided by Operating Activities

Our operating cash flows result primarily from cash generated by commissions paid to us from our real estate services business, sales of homes from our properties business, and advertising from our rentals business. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities include payments for personnel-related costs, including employee benefits and bonus programs, marketing and advertising activities, purchases of homes for our properties business, office and occupancy costs, and outside services costs. Additionally, our mortgage business generates a significant amount operating cash flow activity from the origination and sale of loans held for sale.

Net cash used in operating activities was $414.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, primarily attributable to a net loss of $82.6 million, offset by $80.3 million of non-cash items related to stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, amortization of debt discounts and issuances costs, lease expense related to right-of-use assets, and other non-cash items. Changes in assets and liabilities decreased cash provided by operating activities by $411.8 million. The primary source of cash related to changes in our assets and liabilities was a $23.6 million increase in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities related to the timing of vendor payments and payroll related expenses. The primary use of cash related to changes in our assets and liabilities was a $386.0 million increase in inventory related to our properties business. The increase in inventory is largely due to our properties business's expansion and greater customer awareness of that business.

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Net cash provided by operating activities was $51.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, primarily attributable to a net loss of $32.6 million, offset by changes in assets and liabilities of $36.2 million and $47.9 million of non-cash items related to stock based compensation, depreciation and amortization, amortization of debt discounts and issuance costs, lease expense related to right-of-use assets, impairment charge on our equity investment, and other non-cash items. Changes in assets and liabilities increased cash provided by operating activities driven primarily by a reduction in inventory of $49.6 million, a $27.9 million increase in accrued liabilities, primarily related to timing of payments, and a $7.1 million decrease in prepaid expenses. This was partially offset by an increase of $21.9 million in accounts receivable primarily related to higher revenue, and $19.5 million in net loans held for sale related to our mortgage business.

Net Cash Used In Investing Activities

Our primary investing activities include the purchase, sale, and maturity of investments and purchases of property and equipment, primarily related to capitalized software development expenses and computer equipment and software.

Net cash used in investing activities was $562.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, primarily attributable to cash paid for our acquisition of RentPath of $608.0 million, $65.7 million in net investments in U.S. government securities, and $10.4 million of capitalized software development expenses.

Net cash used in investing activities was $56.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, We had $135.1 million of purchases of investments that was partially offset by $89.4 million of maturities and sales of investments of similar type investments. In addition, we had $6.6 million of capitalized software development expenses.

Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities

Our primary financing activities have come from (i) our initial public offering in August 2017, (ii) sales of our common stock and 2023 notes in July 2018, our common stock and convertible preferred stock in April 2020, our 2025 notes in October 2020, and our 2027 notes in March 2021, and (iii) the sale of our common stock pursuant to stock option exercises and our ESPP. Additionally, we generate a significant amount of financing cash flow activity due to borrowings from and repayments to our warehouse credit facilities and our secured revolving credit facility.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $668.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, attributable to $498.9 million in net proceeds from the issuance of our 2027 notes offering including the purchase of capped calls related to those notes, and a $175.7 million increase in net borrowings under our secured revolving credit facility.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $145.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, primarily attributable to net proceeds of $109.5 million from our April 2020 common stock and convertible preferred stock offering, a $19.0 million increase in our net borrowings under our warehouse credit facilities, and $15.1 million in proceeds from the sale of shares under our equity compensation plans.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, revenue, and expenses at the date of the financial statements. Generally, we base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions in accordance with GAAP that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

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Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that we consider the most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations because they require our most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, we have identified the critical accounting policies and estimates addressed below. In addition, we have other key accounting policies and estimates that are described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Our key revenue components are brokerage revenue, partner revenue, property revenue, rentals revenue, and other revenue. Of these, we consider the most critical of our revenue recognition policies to be those related to commissions and fees charged on brokerage transactions closed by our lead agents, and from the sale of homes. We recognize commission-based brokerage revenue upon closing of a brokerage transaction, less the amount of any commission refunds, closing-cost reductions, or promotional offers that may result in a material right. We determined that brokerage revenue primarily contains a single performance obligation that is satisfied upon the closing of a transaction, at which point the entire transaction price is earned. We evaluate our brokerage contracts and promotional pricing to determine if there are any additional material rights and allocate the transaction price based on standalone selling prices.

Properties revenue is earned when we sell homes that were previously bought directly from homeowners. Our contracts with customers contain a single performance obligation that is satisfied upon a transaction closing. Properties revenue is recorded at closing on a gross basis, representing the sales price of the home.

Rentals revenue is primarily recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract, which is generally less than one year. Revenue is presented net of sales allowances, which are not material.

We have utilized the practical expedient in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and elected not to capitalize contract costs for contracts with customers with durations less than one year. We do not have significant remaining performance obligations or contract balances.

See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our revenue recognition policy.

Acquired Intangible Assets and Goodwill

We recognize separately identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Determining the fair value of the intangible assets acquired requires management’s judgment, often utilizes third-party valuation specialists, and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions with respect to the timing and amounts of future cash flows, discount rates, replacement costs, and asset lives, among other estimates

The judgments made in the determination of the estimated fair value assigned to the intangible assets acquired and the estimated useful life of each asset could significantly impact our consolidated financial statements in periods after the acquisition, such as through depreciation and amortization expense.

We evaluate intangible assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that they may not be recoverable. We measure recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of an asset group to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to impairment testing. We assess the impairment of goodwill on an annual basis, during the fourth quarter, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. We assess goodwill for possible impairment by performing a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we qualitatively determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then no additional impairment steps are necessary.

See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of our preliminary valuation of the RentPath intangible assets, along with their estimated useful lives.

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Inventory

Our inventory represents homes purchased with the intent of resale and are accounted for under the specific identification method. Direct home acquisition and improvement costs are capitalized and tracked directly with each specific home. Homes are stated in inventory at cost and are reviewed on a home by home basis. When evidence exists that the net realizable value of a home is lower than its cost, we recognize the difference as a loss in the period in which it occurs. In determining net realizable value, management must use judgment and estimates, including assessment of readily available market value indicators such as the Redfin Estimate and other third-party home value indicators, assessment of a current listing or pending offer price if either are available, and the value of any improvements made to the home. If a home's estimated market value is less than the inventory cost then the home is written down to net realizable value. While no material adjustments were required to our home inventory during the three months ended September 30, 2021, material adjustments may be required in the future due to changing market conditions, natural disasters, or other forces outside of our control.

See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of our inventory categories and any write-downs.

Recent Accounting Standards

For information on recent accounting standards, see Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements.

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Item 3. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Our primary operations are within the United States and Canada. We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily consist of fluctuations in interest rates.

Interest Rate Risk

Our investment policy allows us to maintain a portfolio of cash equivalents and investments in a variety of securities, including U.S. treasury and agency issues, bank certificates of deposit that are 100% insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and SEC-registered money market funds that consist of a minimum of $1 billion in assets and meet the above requirements. The goals of our investment policy are liquidity and capital preservation. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.

As of September 30, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $562.7 million and investments of $82.1 million. Our investments are comprised of available-for-sale securities that consist primarily of U.S. treasury securities with maturities of two years or less. We believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of these assets as a result of changes in interest rates due to the relatively short-term nature and risk profile of our portfolio. Declines in interest rates, however, would reduce future investment income. Assuming no change in our outstanding cash, cash equivalents, and investments during the fourth quarter of 2021, a hypothetical 10% change in interest rates, occurring during and sustained throughout that quarter, would not have a material impact on our financial results for that quarter.

We are exposed to interest rate risk on our mortgage loans held for sale and IRLCs associated with our mortgage loan origination services. We manage this interest rate risk through the use of forward sales commitments on both a best effort whole loans basis and on a mandatory basis. Forward sales commitments entered into on a mandatory basis are done through the use of commitments to sell mortgage-backed securities. We do not enter into or hold derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. The fair value of our IRLCs and forward sales commitments are reflected in other current assets and accrued liabilities, as applicable, with changes in the fair value of these commitments recognized as revenue. The net fair value change for the periods presented were not material. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of the fair value of our forward sales commitments and our IRLCs.

We are subject to interest rate risk on borrowings under our secured revolving credit facility. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements for a description of this facility. Changes in the market interest rate will increase or decrease our interest expense. Assuming no change in the outstanding borrowings under the facility during the fourth quarter of 2021, a hypothetical 10% change in interest rates, occurring during and sustained throughout that quarter, would not have a material impact on our financial results for that quarter.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

As our operations in Canada have been limited, and we do not maintain a significant balance of foreign currency, we do not currently face significant foreign currency exchange rate risk.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive and principal financial officers, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive and principal financial officers have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level described below.

Changes in Internal Control

In connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2021 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

See "Legal Proceedings" under Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our material, pending legal proceedings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Except as discussed below, there have not been any material changes from the risk factors included in Item 1A of our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2020. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all other information in this quarterly report, before investing in any of our securities. The occurrence of any single risk or any combination of risks could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity, or competitive position, and consequently, the value of our securities. The material adverse effects include, but are not limited to, not growing our revenue or market share at the pace that they have grown historically or at all, our revenue and market share fluctuating on a quarterly and annual basis, an extension of our history of losses and a failure to become profitable, not achieving the revenue and net income (loss) guidance that we provide, and harm to our reputation and brand.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our business depends significantly on the health of the U.S. residential real estate industry and macroeconomic factors.

Our success depends largely on the health of the U.S. residential real estate industry. This industry, in turn, is affected by changes in general economic conditions, which are beyond our control. Any of the following factors could reduce the volume of residential real estate transactions, cause a decline in the prices at which homes are bought and sold, or otherwise adversely affect the industry and harm our business:

•seasonal or cyclical downturns in the U.S. residential real estate industry, which may be due to any single factor, or a combination of factors, listed below, or factors which are currently not known to us or that have not historically affected the industry;

•slow economic growth or recessionary conditions;

•increased unemployment rates or stagnant or declining wages;

•inflationary conditions;

•low consumer confidence in the economy or the U.S. residential real estate industry;

•adverse changes in local or regional economic conditions in the markets that we serve, particularly our top-10 markets and markets into which we are attempting to expand;

•increased mortgage rates; reduced availability of mortgage financing; or increased down payment requirements;

•low home inventory levels, which may result from zoning regulations and higher construction costs, among other factors;

•lack of affordably priced homes, which may result from home prices growing faster than wages;

•volatility and general declines in the stock market or lower yields on individuals' investment portfolios;

•rising insurance and tax costs that increase the expenses associated with home ownership;

•newly enacted and potential federal, state, and local legislative actions that would affect the residential real estate industry generally or in our top-10 markets, including (i) actions that would increase the tax liability arising from buying, selling, or owning real estate, (ii) actions that would change the way real estate brokerage commissions are negotiated, calculated, or paid, and (iii) potential reform relating to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and other government sponsored entities that provide liquidity to the mortgage market;

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•changes that cause U.S. real estate to be more expensive for foreign purchases, such as (i) increases in the exchange rate for the U.S. dollar compared to foreign currencies and (ii) foreign regulatory changes or capital controls that make it more difficult for foreign purchasers to withdraw capital from their home countries or purchase and hold U.S. real estate;

•changed generational views on homeownership and generally decreased financial resources available for purchasing homes; and

•war, terrorism, political uncertainty, natural disasters, inclement weather, health epidemics or pandemics, and acts of God.

Our business is concentrated in certain geographic markets. Our failure to adapt to any substantial shift in the relative percentage of residential housing transactions from these markets to other markets in the United States could adversely affect our financial performance.

For the quarter ended September 30, 2021, our top-10 markets by real estate services revenue consisted of the metropolitan areas of Boston, Chicago, Denver (including Boulder and Colorado Springs), Los Angeles (including Santa Barbara), Maryland, Northern Virginia, Portland (including Bend), San Diego, San Francisco, and Seattle.

Local and regional conditions in these markets may differ significantly from prevailing conditions in the United States or other parts of the country. Accordingly, events may adversely and disproportionately affect demand for and sales prices of homes in these markets. Any overall or disproportionate downturn in demand or home prices in any of our largest markets, particularly if we are unable to increase revenue from our other markets, could adversely affect growth of our revenue and market share or otherwise harm our business.

Our top markets are primarily major metropolitan areas, where home prices and transaction volumes are generally higher than other markets. As a result, our real estate services revenue and gross margin are generally higher in these markets than in our smaller markets. To the extent there is a net migration to cities outside of these markets due to lower home prices, climate change, COVID-19, or other factors, and this migration continues to take place over the long-term, the relative percentage of residential housing transactions may shift away from the top markets where we have historically generated most of our revenue. Our inability to effectively adapt to any shift, including failing to increase revenue from other markets, could adversely affect our financial performance and market share.

We may be unable to attract homebuyers and home sellers to our website and mobile application in a cost-effective manner.

Our website and mobile application are our primary channels for meeting customers. Accordingly, our success depends on our ability to attract homebuyers and home sellers to our website and mobile application in a cost-effective manner. To meet customers, we rely heavily on traffic generated from search engines and downloads of our mobile application from mobile application stores. We also rely on marketing methods such as targeted email campaigns, paid search advertising, social media marketing, and traditional media, including TV, radio, and billboards.

The number of visitors to our website and downloads of our mobile application depend in large part on how and where our website and mobile application rank in Internet search results and mobile application stores, respectively. While we use search engine optimization to help our website rank highly in search results, maintaining or improving our search result rankings is not within our control. Internet search engines frequently update and change their ranking algorithms, referral methodologies, or design layouts, which determine the placement and display of a user’s search results. In some instances, Internet search engines may change these rankings, which may have the effect of promoting their own competing services or the services of one or more of our competitors. Similarly, mobile application stores can change how they display searches and how mobile applications are featured. For instance, editors at the Apple iTunes Store can feature prominently editor-curated mobile applications and cause the mobile application to appear larger than other applications or more visibly on a featured list.

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Additionally, our marketing efforts may fail to attract the desired number of customers for a variety of reasons, including the possibility that the creative treatment for our advertisements may be ineffective or new third-party email delivery policies may make it more difficult for us to execute targeted email campaigns.

We may not realize the anticipated benefits from, and may incur substantial costs related to, our acquisition of RentPath.

We closed our acquisition of RentPath on April 2, 2021. The anticipated benefits of the acquisition may not come to fruition. We may also be required to record impairment charges associated with the acquisition. Integrating RentPath will be challenging and time consuming, and may subject us to additional costs that we have not anticipated in evaluating the transaction.

The growth of RentPath's business depends on its ability to attract property managers' advertising spending.

RentPath's growth depends on advertising revenue generated primarily through property managers. RentPath's ability to attract and retain advertisers may be adversely affected by any of the following factors:

•a prolonged period of high occupancy within rental properties;

•declining quantity and quality of renter leads it provides to property managers;

•its inability to keep pace with changes in technology and features expected by renters when visiting an online rental portal; and

•its failure to offer an attractive return on investment to advertisers

RentPath does not have long-term contracts with many of its advertisers, and these advertisers may choose to end their relationships with RentPath with little or no advance notice. As RentPath's existing subscriptions for advertising terminate, it may not be successful in securing new subscriptions.

RedfinNow may overestimate the amount it should pay to purchase a home, and homes owned by it may significantly decline in value prior to being sold.

RedfinNow uses automated valuations and forecasts in concert with employees with real estate knowledge to assess what a home is worth and how much to pay for its purchase. This assessment includes estimates on time of possession, market conditions and proceeds on resale, renovation costs, and holding costs. The assessment may not be accurate, and RedfinNow may pay too much for the home to realize our desired investment return. Additionally, following its acquisition of a home, RedfinNow may need to decrease its anticipated resale price for the home if it discovers a defect in the home that was unknown at the time of acquisition. This adjustment to the price may also affect our investment return on the home.

Homes that RedfinNow owns may also quickly lose value or become more difficult to sell for an acceptable price due to changing market conditions, natural disasters, or other forces outside of our control. RedfinNow's geographic concentration in fourteen states particularly exposes it to the factors affecting home resale value in those states that may not apply to the United States generally. As a result, we may be required to significantly write down the inventory value of homes and, to the extent we are able to resell homes at all, resell them at a price that is substantially less than our costs of acquiring and renovating the homes.

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Our inability, or our third-party contractors and subcontractors' inability, to renovate and repair homes on a timely and cost efficient basis could adversely affect our holding period and investment return for homes.

Upon purchasing a home, RedfinNow frequently needs to renovate or repair parts of the home prior to listing it for resale. RedfinNow relies, in part, on third-party contractors and sub-contractors to make these renovations and repairs. We and our contractors and sub-contractors may be unable to complete renovations and repairs in a timely and cost efficient manner due to labor and supply shortages, cost increases, or other factors outside our control. Additionally, our contractors and sub-contractors may not be able to complete renovations or repairs within RedfinNow's proposed budget. Furthermore, if the quality of a third-party provider's work does not meet RedfinNow's expectations, then RedfinNow may need to complete the work itself or engage another third-party contractor or subcontractor, which may also adversely affect its timeline or budget for completing renovations or repairs.

A longer than expected period for completing renovations or repairs could negatively impact RedfinNow's ability to sell a home within its anticipated timeline. This prolonged timing exposes us to factors that adversely affect the home's resale value and may result in RedfinNow selling the home for a lower price than anticipated or not being able to sell the home at all. Meanwhile, incurring more than budgeted costs would adversely affect our investment return on purchased homes.

We are subject to costs associated with defending and resolving proceedings brought by government entities and claims brought by private parties.

We are from time to time involved in, and may in the future be subject to, government investigations or enforcement actions and private third-party claims arising from the laws to which we are subject or the contracts to which we are a party. Such investigations, actions, and claims include, but are not limited to, matters relating to employment law (including misclassification), intellectual property, privacy and consumer protection, website accessibility, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974, the Fair Housing Act of 1968 or other fair housing statutes, cybersecurity incidents, data breaches, commercial or contractual disputes, and exposure to COVID-19. They may also relate to ordinary-course brokerage disputes, including, but not limited to, failure to disclose property defects, failure to meet client legal obligations, commission disputes, personal injury or property damage claims, and vicarious liability based upon conduct of individuals or entities outside of our control, including partner agents and third-party contractor agents. See Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of pending third-party claims that we believe may be material to us.

Any such investigations, actions, or claims can be costly to defend or resolve, require significant time from management, or result in negative publicity. Furthermore, to the extent we are unsuccessful in defending an action or claim, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties, including significant fines or damages, the loss of ability to operate in a jurisdiction, or the need to change certain business practices (including redesigning, or obtaining a license for, our technology or modifying or ceasing to offer certain services).

In August 2019, Devin Cook, who is one of our former associate agents, filed a complaint against us in a California state court, alleging that we misclassified her as an independent contractor instead of an employee. In September 2021, the California court denied our motion for summary judgment to dismiss her claims. To the extent this California court or other courts (including state and federal courts in California where we face similar, pending claims) ultimately decide against us on the issue of employee / independent contractor classification for our associate agents, we may be required to pay significant damages and adopt certain changes in our business practices. These changes may be costly and time-consuming to implement, entitle our associate agents to the benefit of wage and hour laws, and result in employment and withholding tax and benefit liabilities, and cause associate agents to opt out of our platform given the loss of flexibility under an employment model.

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If Redfin Mortgage is unable to obtain sufficient financing through warehouse credit facilities to fund its origination of mortgage loans, then we may be unable to grow our mortgage origination business.

Redfin Mortgage relies on borrowings from warehouse credit facilities to fund substantially all of the mortgage loans that it originates. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements for the current terms of these facilities. To grow its business, Redfin Mortgage depends, in part, on having sufficient borrowing capacity under its current facilities or obtaining additional borrowing capacity under new facilities. A current facility may become unavailable if Redfin Mortgage fails to comply with the facility's ongoing obligations, including failing to satisfy financial covenants applicable to it. New facilities may be not be available on terms acceptable to us.

Additionally, each of Redfin Mortgage's warehouse facilities is uncommitted, which means that the lender is not obligated to extend a loan even if Redfin Mortgage satisfies all of the borrowing conditions. Furthermore, under Redfin Mortgage's facility with Flagstar, Flagstar may demand repayment of outstanding borrowings at any time, even if Redfin Mortgage has not defaulted under the facility.

If Redfin Mortgage were unable to secure sufficient borrowing capacity or if a lender decides to not extend a loan (or in the case of the Flagstar facility, demand repayment of a loan) even when Redfin Mortgage is in compliance with the facility's terms, then Redfin Mortgage may need to rely on our cash on hand to originate mortgage loans. If this cash were unavailable, then Redfin Mortgage may be unable to maintain or increase the amount of mortgage loans that it originates, which will adversely affect its growth.

Item 6. Exhibits.

The exhibits required to be filed or furnished as part of this Quarterly Report are listed below. Notwithstanding any language to the contrary, exhibits 32.1, 32.2, 101, and 104 shall not be deemed to be filed as part of this Quarterly Report for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Incorporated by Reference

Exhibit Number

Exhibit Description

Form

Exhibit

Filing Date

Filed or Furnished Herewith

31.1

Certification of principal executive officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)

31.2

Certification of principal financial officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)

32.1

Certification of chief executive officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350

32.2

Certification of chief financial officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350

101

Interactive data files

104

Cover page interactive data file, submitted using inline XBRL (contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Redfin Corporation

(Registrant)

November 4, 2021

/s/ Glenn Kelman

(Date)

Glenn Kelman

President and Chief Executive Officer

(Duly Authorized Officer)

November 4, 2021

/s/ Chris Nielsen

(Date)

Chris Nielsen

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)